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updated REFbook parameters
| accessdate=
}}</ref> In 1986, California urologist [[Aaron J. Fink| Aaron J. Fink]], (1926-1994) adopted this idea,<ref>{{REFbook
| last=Glick | first=Leonard |author-link=Leonard Glick | year=2005 | title=Marked in Your Flesh | url= | editor= | edition= | volume= | chapter="This Little Operation", Jewish American Physicians and Twentieth-Century Circumcision Advocacy | pages=206 | location=New York, New York | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=0-19-517674-X | quote=What if circumcision protected against infection with HIV... | accessdate=2011-02-19 | note=
}}</ref> and vehemently promoted it,<ref>{{REFjournal
| last=Weiss
Fink's proposal appeared in media throughout the US and Canada. Asked about his idea by a United Press reporter, Fink replied "This is nothing I can prove."<ref>{{REFbook
| last=Glick | first=Leonard |author-link=Leonard Glick | year=2005 | title=Marked in Your Flesh | url= | editor= | edition= | volume= | chapter="This Little Operation", Jewish American Physicians and Twentieth-Century Circumcision Advocacy | pages=207 | location=New York, New York | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=0-19-517674-X | quote=This is nothing I can prove. | accessdate=2011-02-19 | note=
}}</ref> This didn't stop other physicians from conducting "research" leading to a steady stream of widely publicized articles arguing that circumcised men were less likely to contract HIV--with the result that prevention of HIV infection has now surpassed even cancer prevention as the most popular claim of circumcision advocates.
{{Citation
===== Cameroon =====
In Cameroon, where 91% of the male population is circumcised, the ratio of circumcised men vs. intact men who contracted HIV was 4.1 vs. 1.1. <ref>{{REFbook
| last=Mosoko |first=Jembia J. Mosoko; |last2=Affana |first2=Gislaine A. N. Affana | first= | year=2005 | title=Prévalence du VIH et facteurs associés | url=http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR163/16chapitre16.pdf | editor=Calverton, MD, USA | edition=Enquête Démographique et de Santé du Cameroun | volume= | chapter=16 | pages=309 | location=Cameroon | publisher=DHS | isbn= | quote=Contrairement aux résultats trouvés dans d’autres pays, notamment le Kenya... | accessdate=2011-06-02 | note=
}}</ref>
===== Ghana =====
In Ghana, the ratio is 1.6 vs 1.4 (95.3% circumcised). ''"...the vast majority of Ghanaian men (95 percent) are circumcised... There is little difference in the HIV prevalence by circumcision status..."''<ref>{{REFbook
| last=Marum |first=L. Marum; |last2=Muttunga |first2=J. Muttunga; F. |last3=Munene | firstfirst3=F. | year=Central Bureau of Statistics | title=HIV Prevalence and Associated Factors | url=http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR152/13Chapter13.pdf | work=Kenya: Demographic and Health Survey 2003 | editor= | edition= | volume= | chapter=13 | pages=250-251 | location=Nairobi, Kenya | publisher=Central Bureau of Statistics | isbn= | quote=...the vast majority of Ghanaian men (95 percent) are circumcised... There is little difference in the HIV prevalence by circumcision status... | accessdate=http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR152/13Chapter13.pdf | note=
}}</ref>
not circumcised (13 percent compared with 10 percent). In Malawi, the majority of men are not
circumcised (80 percent).<ref>{{REFbook
| last=Chipeta, |first=John; |last2=Schouten |first2=Erik Schouten; John |last3=Aberle-Grasse | firstfirst3=John | year=2005 | title=HIV Prevalence and Associated Factors | url=http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR175/12Chapter12.pdf | work=Malawi Demographic and Health Survey 2004 | editor= | edition= | volume= | chapter=12 | pages=234 | location=Calverton, Maryland | publisher=National Statistical Office | isbn= | quote= | accessdate=2011-06-02 | note=
}}</ref>
::''...where one would expect HIV to be the most rampant.''