Changes

Corticosteroids have been used with varying degrees of success.<ref>Catterall RD, Oakes JK. Treatment of balanitis xerotica obiterans with hydrocortisone injections. ''Br J Ven Dis'' 1962;38:75.</ref><ref>Poynter JH. Levy J. Balanitis xerotica obliterans: effective treatment with topical and sublesional corticosteroids. ''Br J Urol'' 1967;39(4):420-5.</ref> Pasieczny reports successful treatment with topical testosterone propionate ointment.<ref name="pasieczny" /><ref name="rickwood-medical">Rickwood AMK. [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.0830s1045.x Medical indications for circumcision]. ''BJU Int'' 1999: 83 Suppl 1, 45-51.</ref> Several authorities report success with clobetasol propionate.<ref>Jørgensen ET, Svensson Å. [http://www.cirp.org/library/treatment/phimosis/jorgensen/ The treatment of phimosis in boys, with a potent topical steroid (clobetasol propionate 0,05%) cream]. ''Acta Dermato-Venereologica'' (Stockholm) 1993;73(1):55-56.</ref><ref>Jorgensen ET, Svensson A. [http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/313/7058/692 Problems with the penis and prepuce in children: Lichen sclerosus should be treated with corticosteroids to reduce need for surgery]. ''BMJ'' 1996;313:692. (link to www.bmj.com)</ref><ref>Dahlman-Ghozlan K, Hedblad MA, von Krogh G. [http://www.cirp.org/library/treatment/BXO/dahlman-ghozlan1/ Penile lichen sclerosus et atrophicus treated with clobetasol dipropionate 0.05% cream: a retrospective clinical and histopathological study]. ''J Am Acad Dermatol'' 1999;40(3):451-7.</ref><ref name="neuhaus">Neuhaus IM, Skidmore RA. [http://www.familypractice.com/references/referencesframe.htm?main=/journal/1999/v12.n06/1206.06/art-1206.06.htm Balanitis xerotica obliterans and its differential diagnosis]. ''J Am Board Fam Pract'' 1999; 12(6):473-476.</ref> Shelley and colleagues report successful treatment with antibiotics.<ref>Shelley, WB, Shelley ED, Gruenwald MA, ''et al.'' [http://www.cirp.org/library/treatment/BXO/shelley1/ Long-term antibiotic therapy for balanitis xerotica obliterans]. ''J Am Acad Dermatol'' 1999;40:69-72.</ref> While Depasquale and colleagues recommend radical circumcision, they also suggest mometasone or clobetasol cream as a non-surgical alternative.<ref name="depasquale" /> Dewan reports that BXO is successfully treated with topical steroid ointment during the early stages.<ref>Kiss A, Csontai A, Pirot L, ''et al.'' [http://www.cirp.org/library/treatment/BXO/kiss1/ The response of balanitis xerotica obliterans to local steroid application compared with placebo in children]. ''J Urol'' 2001;165(1):219-20.</ref><ref>Neill SM, Tatnall FM, Cox NH. [http://www.cirp.org/library/treatment/BXO/neill2002/ Guidelines for the management of lichen sclerosus]. ''Br J Dermatol'' 2002;147:640-9.</ref> Assmann et al. report that tacrolimus ointment is effective for treatment of LSA in women.<ref>Finkbeiner AE. [http://www.cirp.org/library/treatment/BXO/finkbeiner2003/ Balanitis xerotica obliterans: a form of lichen sclerosus]. ''South Med J'' 2003;96(1):7-8.</ref> Clinical experience has shown it to be effective against BXO in boys. Ebert ''et al''. (2007) report safety and good results with the use with Tacrolimus ointment.<ref name="ebert">Ebert AK, Vogt T, Rösch WH. ([http://www.cirp.org/library/treatment/BXO/ebert2007/ Topical therapy of balanitis xerotica obliterans in childhood: Long-term clinical results and an overview.]) ''Urologe A.'' 2007;46(12):1682-6.</ref>