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|coauthors=
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replace <coauthors> parameter
|first=Sarah
|author-link=
|title=Balanitis and balanoposthitis: a review
|journal=Genitourin Med
|first=S
|author-link=
|coauthorslast2=Casin |first2=I, . |last3=Janier |first3=M, . |last4=Morel |first4=P.
|title=Balanitis and balanoposthitis: a review
|journal=Genitourin Med
Birley ''et al''. (1993) report excessive washing, especially with the use of soap, will dry the oils out of tissues and cause a balanitis like inflammation. The use of soap should be avoided.<ref name="Birley1991" >{{REFjournal
|last=Birley
|first=HDLH.D.L.
|author-link=
|coauthorslast2=Wasker MM, |first2=M.M. |last3=Luzzi GA, ''et al'' |first3=G.A. |etal=yes
|title=Clinical Features and management of recurrent balanitis; association with atopy and genital washing
|journal=Genitourin Med
}}</ref> Although it is commonly believed that the human foreskin is the source of infection so must be constantly washed to prevent infection, that is not true. Fleiss, Hodges & Van Howe (1998) report the foreskin has both protective and immunological functions that help to prevent disease.<ref name="Fleiss1997">{{REFjournal
|last=Fleiss
|first=PPaul M.
|author-link=Paul M. Fleiss
|coauthorslast2=Hodges GM, |first2=G.M. |last3=Van Howe RS |first3=R.S.
|title=Immunological functions of the human prepuce
|journal=Sex Trans Inf
|first=Douglas
|author-link=
|title=The fate of the foreskin: a study of circumcision
|trans-title=
|first=RS
|author-link=Robert Van Howe
|title=Variability in penile appearance and penile findings: a prospective study
|journal=Brit J Urol
}}</ref> Boys who have been circumcised are likely to experience balanitis caused by exposure to ammoniacal diapers (nappies).<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Simpson
|first=E.
|author-link=
|coauthorslast2=Baraclough |first2=P.
|title=The management of the paediatric foreskin
|journal=Australian Family Physician
}}</ref> Hsieh ''et al''. (2006), working in Taiwan, where boys are not circumcised, examined 2,149 elementary pre-adolescent schoolboys. Hsieh ''et al''. found ''only'' one case of balanitis in the intact 2,149 boys,<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Hsieh
|first=TfT.F.
|author-link=
|coauthorslast2=Chang CH, |first2=C.H. |last3=Chang SS |first3=S.S.
|title=Foreskin development before adolescence in 2149 schoolboys
|trans-title=