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In Japan, Norway, and Sweden, the risk of penile cancer is about the same as in the US (1 in 100,000 per year).<ref>{{REFjournal
| last=Wallerstein | first=E. | coauthors= | title=Circumcision. The uniquely American medical enigma | journal=Urol. Clin. North Am. | volume=12 | issue=1 | pages=123-32 | url= | quote= | pubmedID=3883617 | pubmedCID= | DOI= | date=February 1985 | accessdate=
}}</ref>
Infection with HPV is associated with some penile cancers. A quadri-valent vaccine ([[Gardasil]]) to prevent infection by the four most common variants of HPV has been developed, successfully tested, and approved by the US [[Food and Drug Administration]] for females between the ages of 9 and 26, and as of 2009, males between the ages of 16 and 26.<ref name="titleAccess to articles : Nature Reviews Drug Discovery">{{REFjournal
| last=Crum C, Jones C, Kirkpatrick P | first= | coauthors= | title=Quadrivalent human papillomavirus recombinant vaccine | journal=Nature reviews. Drug discovery | volume=5 | issue=8 | pages=629-30 | url=http://www.nature.com/nrd/journal/v5/n8/full/nrd2117.html | quote= | pubmedID=16918020 | pubmedCID= | DOI=10.1038/nrd2117 | date=August 2006 | accessdate=
}}</ref> Gardasil has been shown to also be effective in males, and has been approved by the FDA to be marketed as such.<ref name="Bloomberg">[http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601202&sid=aajzweDaXZh0&refer=healthcare Cortez, Michelle Fay and Pettypiece, Shannon. "Merck Cancer Shot Cuts Genital Warts, Lesions in Men". ''Bloomberg News''. (Bloomberg.com) 13 Nov 2008.]</ref>