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Recently, circumcision has been heavily promoted as a method of preventing HIV. The [[World Health Organization|World Health Organization]] (WHO) has endorsed male circumcision as a form of HIV prevention, based on three recent studies conducted in Africa (Kenya, South Africa, and Uganda) which claim that male circumcision is supposed to "reduce the risk of HIV transmission by 60%."<ref>{{REFweb
| quote= | url=http://www.who.int/hiv/topics/malecircumcision/en/ | title=Male circumcision for HIV prevention | last= | first= | publisher=World Health Organization | work= | date=2011 | accessdate=2011-05-06
}}</ref> This endorsement has lead to the institution of "mass circumcision campaigns" aimed at circumcising the majority of African men in a few countries,<ref>{{REFnews
| last=Mazzotta | first=Meredith | coauthors= | url=http://sciencespeaksblog.org/2011/03/04/swaziland-embarks-on-ambitious-plan-to-circumcise-80-percent-of-men-18-to-49-this-year/ | title=Swaziland embarks on ambitious plan to circumcise 80 percent of men 18 to 49 this year | publisher= | work=Science Speaks: HIV & TB News | quote=The emphasis is on reaching 80 percent coverage with the Soka Uncobe campaign... | date=2011-03-04 | accessdate=2011-05-06
}}</ref> and the promotion of male circumcision as a HIV-prevention method by the [[Centers for Disease Control|Centers for Disease Control]]<ref>{{REFweb
| quote=