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|quote=Despite the scientific evidence indicating that masturbation is generally a normal variant of sexual expression and that it does not seem to have a causal relationship with sexual pathology, negative attitudes about masturbation persist and it remains stigmatized.

}}</ref> In the Western world, masturbation in private or with a partner is generally considered a normal and healthy part of sexual enjoyment.

==Male masturbation==

The manner of male masturbation tends to be controlled by the circumcision status of the individual.

Circumcision was introduced in Victorian times to unforeskin the penis, tighten the skin to make it movable, and make it impossible to masturbate. It failed to stop masturbation but it made it harder to do and less enjoyable. Circumcised males found that they could still do it if they used lubrication to overcome the handicap of being circumcised.

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