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wikify McAllister; adjust date entries
| publisher=
| work=
| date=February 2008-02
| accessdate=2011-06-01
}}</ref><ref>{{REFweb
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| date=March 2007-03
| accessdate=2011-06-01
}}</ref><ref>{{REFweb
| publisher=
| work=
| date=9/1/2011-01-09
| accessdate=2011-06-01
}}</ref>
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1371/journal.pmed.0020298#r1326
|date=October 2006-10
|accessdate=
}}</ref> In 1986, California urologist [[Aaron J. Fink| Aaron J. Fink]], (1926-1994) adopted this idea,<ref>{{REFbook
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1097/00002030-200010200-00018
|date=October 2000-10
|accessdate=
}}</ref> without any kind of proof whatsoever.
|publisher=USAID
|format=PDF
|date=January 2002-01
|accessdate=2019-09-29
}}</ref> By designing a trial to "detect" a minimum 50 percent reduction risk in HIV, these researchers might have artificially created the clinical setting to observe the effect they were looking to discover.
|title=Sub-Saharan African randomised clinical trials into male circumcision and HIV transmission: Methodological, ethical and legal concerns
|journal=J Law Med
|date=December 2011-12
|volume=19
|issue=2
== Real-world ==
An analysis of HIV prevalence compared to circumcision status in sub-Saharan Africa concluded that male circumcision is not associated with reduced HIV prevalence.<ref>Garenne M. Long-term population effects of male circumcision in generalized HIV epidemics in sub-Saharan Africa. Afr J AIDS Res 2008;7(1):1– 8.</ref> Another study on circumcision prevalence compared to HIV in the general South African population concluded: “Circumcision had no protective effect on HIV transmission.”<ref>Connolly C, Simbayi LC, Shanmugam R, Nqeketo A. Male circumcision and its relationship to HIV infection in South Africa: results of a national survey in 2002. S Afr Med J 2008;98:789 –94.</ref> When commercial sex worker patterns are controlled, male circumcision is not signifıcantly associated with lower HIV prevalence.<ref>Talbott JR. Size matters: the number of prostitutes and the global HIV/AIDS pandemic. PloS One 2007;2(6):e543. http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0000543</ref> Mathematical impact modeling of circumcision, antiretroviral therapy (ART), and condom use for South Africa concluded: “Male circumcision was found to have considerably lower impact than condom use or anti-retroviral therapy on HIV infection rates and death rates.”<ref>Lima V, Anema A, Wood R, et al. The combined impact of male circumcision, condom use and HAART coverage on the HIV-1 epidemic in South Africa: a mathematical model. 5th IAS Conference on HIV Treatment, Pathogenesis and Prevention, Cape Town, abstract WECA105, 2009.</ref> Both the U.S. and sub-Saharan Africa have relatively high incidence rates of HIV infection, considering that about 75% of U.S. men and about 70% of sub-Saharan African men are circumcised—higher percentages than in most other regions or countries with lower prevalence of HIV.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Green LW, |first=L.W. |last2=Travis JW, |first2=J.W. |last3=McAllister |first3=R.G. |author3-link=Ryan McAllister RG, |last4=Peterson KW, |first4=K.W. |last5=Vardanyan AN, |first5=A.N. |last6=Craig |first6=A. |title=Male circumcision and HIV prevention insufficient evidence and neglected external validity. |journal=Am J Prev Med. |date=2010 Nov;-11 |volume=39( |issue=5): |pages=479-82. 482 |location=Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California at San Francisco, USA. PMID: |pubmedID=20965388 }}</ref>
There is no clear pattern of association between male circumcision and HIV prevalence. In 10 out of 18 countries, HIV prevalence is higher amongst circumcised men.<ref>{{REFdocument
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|datenote=Annals of Epidemiology
|accessdate=2011-06-02
}}</ref>