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}}</ref> Circumcision excises the highly functional foreskin, which provides numerous protective, immunological, sensory, and sexual functions,<ref name="cold1999">{{ColdCJ TaylorJR 1999}}</ref> so it is an irreversible, lasting injury. Non-therapeutic circumcision of male minors is ''not'' the standard of care.
Nevertheless, some non-therapeutic circumcisions of boys will continue to be performed for religious reasons, ethnic reasons, and the[[Adamant father syndrome| emotional needs of parents]]. When a circumcision is to be performed, the standard of care requires that analgesia be provided to reduce the extreme level of pain and trauma. <ref>{{REFjournal |last=Eugene |first=Outerbridge |init= |author-link= |etal=no |title=Neonatal circumcision revisited |trans-title= |language= |journal=CMAJ |location= |date=1996-03-15 |volume=154 |issue=6 |article= |page= |pages=769-80 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1487803/pdf/cmaj00090-0027.pdf |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=8634956 |pubmedCID=1487803 |DOI= |accessdate=2021-07-11}}</ref> (Total anesthesia cannot be used with infants.)
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