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'''Female genital mutilation''', frequently called by its initialism ([[FGM]]), is defined as the partial or total removal of external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons.<ref>{{REFweb
'''Female genital mutilation''', frequently called by its initialism ([[FGM]]), is defined as the partial or total removal of external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons.<ref name="who2020">{{REFweb
  |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/female-genital-mutilation
  |url=https://www.who.int/teams/sexual-and-reproductive-health-and-research-(srh)/areas-of-work/female-genital-mutilation/types-of-female-genital-mutilation
|archived=
  |title=Types of female genital mutilation
  |title=Female genital mutilation
  |website=[[World Health Organization]]
|trans-title=
|language=
|last=
|first=
|author-link=
|publisher=
  |website=World Health Organization
  |date=2020-02-03
  |date=2020-02-03
  |accessdate=2021-12-27
  |accessdate=2023-09-13
|format=
|quote=
}}</ref> Female genital mutilation violates the same [[human rights]] as does male genital mutilation ([[MGM]]).
}}</ref> Female genital mutilation violates the same [[human rights]] as does male genital mutilation ([[MGM]]).
In 1997, the [[World Health Organization]] classified female genital mutilation into four different types. Since then, experience with using this classification revealed the need to subdivide these categories, to capture the varieties of [[FGM]] in more detail. Severity (which here corresponds to the amount of tissue damaged) and health risk are closely related to the type of [[FGM]] performed as well as the amount of tissue that is cut.<ref name="who2020"/>
The four major types of [[FGM]], and their subtypes, are:<ref name="who2020"/>
<ol style="list-style-type:upper-roman">
<li>Partial or total removal of the [[clitoral glans]] (the external and visible part of the [[clitoris]], which is a sensitive part of the female genitals, with the function of providing sexual pleasure to the woman), and/or the prepuce/[[clitoral hood]] (the fold of skin surrounding the [[clitoral glans]]). When it is important to distinguish between the major variations of Type I [[FGM]], the following subdivisions are used:
<ol style="list-style-type:lower-roman">
<li>Removal of the prepuce/[[clitoral hood]] only.</li>
<li>Removal of the [[clitoral glans]] with the prepuce/[[clitoral hood]].</li>
</li>
</ol>
<li>Partial or total removal of the [[clitoral glans]] and the [[labia minora]] (the inner folds of the vulva), with or without removal of the [[labia majora]] (the outer folds of skin of the vulva). When it is important to distinguish between the major variations of Type II [[FGM]], the following subdivisions are used:
<ol style="list-style-type:lower-roman">
<li>Removal of the [[labia minora]] only.</li>
<li>Partial or total removal of the clitoral glans and the [[labia minora]] (prepuce/[[clitoral hood]] may be affected).</li>
<li>Partial or total removal of the clitoral glans, the [[labia minora]] and the [[labia majora]] (prepuce/[[clitoral hood]] may be affected).</li>
</li>
</ol>
<li>(Often referred to as [[infibulation]]). Narrowing of the vaginal opening with the creation of a covering seal. The seal is formed by cutting and repositioning the [[labia minora]], or [[labia majora]]. The covering of the vaginal opening is done with or without removal of the clitoral prepuce/[[clitoral hood]] and [[clitoral glans|glans]] (Type I [[FGM]]). When it is important to distinguish between variations of Type III [[FGM]], the following subdivisions are used:
<ol style="list-style-type:lower-roman">
<li>Removal and repositioning of the [[labia minora]].</li>
<li>Removal and repositioning of the [[labia majora]].</li>
</li>
</ol>
<li>All other harmful procedures to the female genitalia for non-medical purposes, for example pricking, piercing, incising, scraping and cauterization. </li>
</ol><ref name="who2020"/>
'''Deinfibulation''' refers to the practice of cutting open the sealed vaginal opening of a woman who has been infibulated (Type III). This is often done to allow sexual intercourse or to facilitate childbirth, and is often necessary for improving the woman’s health and well-being.<ref name="who2020"/>
{{NOTE}} To date (September 2023), the [[World Health Organization]] has not yet cataloged [[Genital mutilation|male genital mutilation]] ([[MGM]]), although there is also a corresponding range of types. This is why the [[WHO]] is repeatedly accused of being blind in one eye when it comes to the issue of [[genital mutilation]].
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[FGC]]
* [[Genital cutting/List of countries]]


{{REF}}
{{REF}}


[[Category:Term]]
[[Category:Circumcision term]]
[[Category:FGM]]
[[Category:FGM]]
[[Category:Body modification]]
[[Category:Body modification]]
[[Category:Female genital mutilation]]
[[Category:Female genital mutilation]]
Retrieved from "https://en.intactiwiki.org/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation"