Female genital mutilation: Difference between revisions
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'''Female genital mutilation''', frequently called by its initialism ([[FGM]]), is defined as the partial or total removal of external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons.<ref name="who2020">{{REFweb | '''Female genital mutilation''', frequently called by its initialism ([[FGM]]), is defined as the partial or total removal of external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons.<ref name="who2020">{{REFweb | ||
|url=https://www.who.int/ | |url=https://www.who.int/teams/sexual-and-reproductive-health-and-research-(srh)/areas-of-work/female-genital-mutilation/types-of-female-genital-mutilation | ||
|title= | |title=Types of female genital mutilation | ||
|website=World Health Organization | |website=[[World Health Organization]] | ||
|date=2020-02-03 | |date=2020-02-03 | ||
|accessdate= | |accessdate=2023-09-13 | ||
}}</ref> Female genital mutilation violates the same [[human rights]] as does male genital mutilation ([[MGM]]). | }}</ref> Female genital mutilation violates the same [[human rights]] as does male genital mutilation ([[MGM]]). | ||
In 1997, the [[World Health Organization]] classified female genital mutilation into four different types. Since then, experience with using this classification revealed the need to subdivide these categories, to capture the varieties of [[FGM]] in more detail. Severity (which here corresponds to the amount of tissue damaged) and health risk are closely related to the type of [[FGM]] performed as well as the amount of tissue that is cut.<ref name="who2020"/> | |||
< | |||
The four major types of [[FGM]], and their subtypes, are:<ref name="who2020"/> | |||
<ol style="list-style-type:upper-roman"> | |||
<li>Partial or total removal of the [[clitoral glans]] (the external and visible part of the [[clitoris]], which is a sensitive part of the female genitals, with the function of providing sexual pleasure to the woman), and/or the prepuce/[[clitoral hood]] (the fold of skin surrounding the [[clitoral glans]]). When it is important to distinguish between the major variations of Type I [[FGM]], the following subdivisions are used: | |||
</ | <ol style="list-style-type:lower-roman"> | ||
<li>Removal of the prepuce/[[clitoral hood]] only.</li> | |||
<li>Removal of the [[clitoral glans]] with the prepuce/[[clitoral hood]].</li> | |||
</li> | |||
</ol> | |||
<li>Partial or total removal of the [[clitoral glans]] and the [[labia minora]] (the inner folds of the vulva), with or without removal of the [[labia majora]] (the outer folds of skin of the vulva). When it is important to distinguish between the major variations of Type II [[FGM]], the following subdivisions are used: | |||
<ol style="list-style-type:lower-roman"> | |||
<li>Removal of the [[labia minora]] only.</li> | |||
<li>Partial or total removal of the clitoral glans and the [[labia minora]] (prepuce/[[clitoral hood]] may be affected).</li> | |||
<li>Partial or total removal of the clitoral glans, the [[labia minora]] and the [[labia majora]] (prepuce/[[clitoral hood]] may be affected).</li> | |||
</li> | |||
</ol> | |||
<li>(Often referred to as [[infibulation]]). Narrowing of the vaginal opening with the creation of a covering seal. The seal is formed by cutting and repositioning the [[labia minora]], or [[labia majora]]. The covering of the vaginal opening is done with or without removal of the clitoral prepuce/[[clitoral hood]] and [[clitoral glans|glans]] (Type I [[FGM]]). When it is important to distinguish between variations of Type III [[FGM]], the following subdivisions are used: | |||
<ol style="list-style-type:lower-roman"> | |||
<li>Removal and repositioning of the [[labia minora]].</li> | |||
<li>Removal and repositioning of the [[labia majora]].</li> | |||
</li> | |||
</ol> | |||
<li>All other harmful procedures to the female genitalia for non-medical purposes, for example pricking, piercing, incising, scraping and cauterization. </li> | |||
</ol><ref name="who2020"/> | |||
'''Deinfibulation''' refers to the practice of cutting open the sealed vaginal opening of a woman who has been infibulated (Type III). This is often done to allow sexual intercourse or to facilitate childbirth, and is often necessary for improving the woman’s health and well-being.<ref name="who2020"/> | |||
{{NOTE}} To date (September 2023), the [[World Health Organization]] has not yet cataloged [[Genital mutilation|male genital mutilation]] ([[MGM]]), although there is also a corresponding range of types. This is why the [[WHO]] is repeatedly accused of being blind in one eye when it comes to the issue of [[genital mutilation]]. | |||
{{SEEALSO}} | {{SEEALSO}} | ||
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{{REF}} | {{REF}} | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Circumcision term]] | ||
[[Category:FGM]] | [[Category:FGM]] | ||
[[Category:Body modification]] | [[Category:Body modification]] | ||
[[Category:Female genital mutilation]] | [[Category:Female genital mutilation]] | ||