Difference between revisions of "USAID"

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[[Image:USAID.png|right|thumb|USAID]]
 
[[Image:USAID.png|right|thumb|USAID]]
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In a February 2009 report produced by USAID, a U.S. government agency, researchers found that circumcised men were more likely to have HIV in 10 of 18 (African) countries with data available.<ref name='CR22'>
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In a February 2009 report produced by USAID, a U.S. government agency, researchers found that circumcised men were more likely to have HIV in 10 of 18 (African) countries with data available.<ref name='CR22'>{{REFnews
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{{citation
+
| last=
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  | coauthors = Mishra, Vinod, Amy Medley, Rathavuth Hong, Yuan Gu, and Bryant Robey.
+
| first=
−
  | contribution = Levels and spread of HIV seroprevalence and associated factors: Evidence from national household surveys
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  | coauthors=Mishra, Vinod, Amy Medley, Rathavuth Hong, Yuan Gu, and Bryant Robey.
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  | title = DHS Comparative Reports 22
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  | url=http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/CR22/CR22.pdf
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  | publisher = Macro International, Inc.
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  | title=DHS Comparative Reports 22
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  | year = 2009
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| date=2009
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| id =
+
  | publisher=Macro International, Inc.
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| contribution-url = http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/CR22/CR22.pdf
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  | quote=Levels and spread of HIV seroprevalence and associated factors: Evidence from national household surveys
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  | accessdate = 2011-03-24
+
  | accessdate=2011-03-24
−
}}
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}}</ref> The report found condom use, not circumcision, to be correlated with HIV status. Despite this report, USAID is listed as a contributing partner and a sponsor for the "[[Clearinghouse on Male Circumcision]] for HIV Prevention."<ref>{{REFweb
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</ref> The report found condom use, not circumcision, to be correlated with HIV status. Despite this report, USAID is listed as a contributing partner and a sponsor for the "[[Clearinghouse on Male Circumcision]] for HIV Prevention."<ref>
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| last=
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{{cite web
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| first=
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  | url = http://www.malecircumcision.org/about/male_circumcision_partners.html
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| year=
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  | title = Male Circumcision Clearinghouse: Partners and Contributors
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| title=Male Circumcision Clearinghouse: Partners and Contributors
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  | accessdate = 2011-03-24
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  | url=http://www.malecircumcision.org/about/male_circumcision_partners.html
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| work = Clearinghouse for Male Circumcision on HIV Prevention
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  | publisher=Clearinghouse for Male Circumcision on HIV Prevention
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}}
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  | accessdate=2011-03-24
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</ref><ref name='kenya-circ-report'>
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}}</ref><ref name='kenya-circ-report'>{{REFnews
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{{citation
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  | last=
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  | contribution = Progress Report on Kenya's Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision Programme
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  | first=
−
  | title = National AIDS and STI Control Programme
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  | coauthors=
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  | publisher = Government of Kenya
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  | url=http://www.malecircumcision.org/documents/VMMCP_Report.pdf
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  | date = July 2010
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| title=National AIDS and STI Control Programme
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| year = 2010
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| date=July 2010
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| id =
+
| publisher=Government of Kenya
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| contribution-url = http://www.malecircumcision.org/documents/VMMCP_Report.pdf
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| quote=Progress Report on Kenya's Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision Programme
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  | accessdate = 2011-03-24
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  | accessdate=2011-03-24
−
}}
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}}</ref>
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</ref>
 
  
 
== Circumcision Scale-Up ==
 
== Circumcision Scale-Up ==
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USAID has studied the "scale-up" of circumcision in Africa and shows support for circumcision in numerous places on its website.<ref name='usaid-circ-hiv-factsheet'>
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{{cite web
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USAID has studied the "scale-up" of circumcision in Africa and shows support for circumcision in numerous places on its website.<ref name='usaid-circ-hiv-factsheet'>{{REFweb
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  | url = http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/aids/TechAreas/research/mcfactsheet.html
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| last=
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  | title = Research: Male Circumcision and HIV Prevention
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| first=
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  | accessdate = 2011-03-24
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| year=
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| publisher = USAID
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| title=Research: Male Circumcision and HIV Prevention
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}}
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  | url=http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/aids/TechAreas/research/mcfactsheet.html
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</ref><ref name='usaid-male-circ'>
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  | publisher=USAID
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{{cite web
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  | accessdate=2011-03-24
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  | url = http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/aids/TechAreas/prevention/malecircumcision.html
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}}</ref><ref name='usaid-male-circ'>{{REFweb
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  | title = Male Circumcision
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| last=
−
  | accessdate = 2011-03-24
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| first=
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| publisher = USAID
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| year=
−
}}
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| title=Male Circumcision
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</ref><ref>
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  | url=http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/aids/TechAreas/prevention/malecircumcision.html
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{{citation
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  | publisher=USAID
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  | contribution = Male Circumcision: Current Epidemiological and Field Evidence
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  | accessdate=2011-03-24
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  | title = Program and Policy Implications for HIV Prevention and Reproductive Health
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}}</ref><ref>{{REFnews
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  | coeditors = S. Clark, I. Fua
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| last=
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  | publisher = USAID/AIDSMark
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| first=
 +
| coauthors=S. Clark, I. Fua
 +
  | url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACS892.pdf
 +
  | title=Program and Policy Implications for HIV Prevention and Reproductive Health
 +
  | date=May 2003
 +
  | publisher=USAID/AIDSMark
 +
| quote=Male Circumcision: Current Epidemiological and Field Evidence
 +
| accessdate=2011-03-24
 
  | place = Washington, D.C.
 
  | place = Washington, D.C.
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| date = May 2003
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}}</ref><ref name='usaid-hiv-circ'>{{REFweb
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| year = 2003
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| last=
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| id =
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| first=
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| contribution-url = http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACS892.pdf
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| year=
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| accessdate = 2011-03-24
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| title=Fighting HIV with Circumcision
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}}
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  | url=http://blog.usaid.gov/2010/12/fighting-hiv-with-circumcision/
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</ref><ref name='usaid-hiv-circ'>
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  | publisher=USAID
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{{cite web
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  | accessdate=2011-03-24
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  | url = http://blog.usaid.gov/2010/12/fighting-hiv-with-circumcision/
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}}</ref>
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  | title = Fighting HIV with Circumcision
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−
  | accessdate = 2011-03-24
 
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| publisher = USAID
 
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}}
 
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</ref>
 
  
 
== Accelerated Saturation Initiative ==
 
== Accelerated Saturation Initiative ==
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In November 2010, USAID issued a "technical brief" on male circumcision as HIV prevention. In the report, USAID states that it is supporting Swaziland's "Accelerated Saturation Initiative" for circumcision by providing "implementation support together with the <small>[U.S.]</small> Department of Defense, the Peace Corps, and the U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control]] and Prevention (CDC)." The report goes on to say that USAID, along with [[UNAIDS]], is providing technical and financial assistance in the studying circumcision programs in 14 African countries.<ref>
+
 
−
{{citation
+
In November 2010, USAID issued a "technical brief" on male circumcision as HIV prevention. In the report, USAID states that it is supporting Swaziland's "Accelerated Saturation Initiative" for circumcision by providing "implementation support together with the <small>[U.S.]</small> Department of Defense, the Peace Corps, and the U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control]] and Prevention (CDC)." The report goes on to say that USAID, along with [[UNAIDS]], is providing technical and financial assistance in the studying circumcision programs in 14 African countries.<ref>{{REFnews
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  | contribution = Medical Male Circumcision and HIV Prevention
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  | last=
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  | title = Technical Issue Brief
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  | first=
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  | publisher = USAID
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  | coauthors=
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  | date = November 2010
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  | url=http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/aids/TechAreas/prevention/medical_male_circumcision.pdf
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| id =
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| title=Technical Issue Brief
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| contribution-url = http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/aids/TechAreas/prevention/medical_male_circumcision.pdf
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| date=November 2010
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  | accessdate = 2011-03-25
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| publisher=USAID
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}}
+
| quote=Medical Male Circumcision and HIV Prevention
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</ref>
+
  | accessdate=2011-03-25
 +
}}</ref>
  
 
== Voluntary Male Medical Circumcision ==
 
== Voluntary Male Medical Circumcision ==
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USAID's support of what they call the "[[Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision Program]]: VMMC" also focused on Kenya.<ref>
+
 
−
{{cite web
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USAID's support of what they call the "[[Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision Program]]: VMMC" also focused on Kenya.<ref>{{REFwebQuote
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| url = http://kenya.usaid.gov/programs/health/77
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  | quote=USAID/Kenya’s HIV/AIDS program is supported by the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). PEPFAR, a five-year, $48 billion program, is led by the U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator, in conjunction with USAID, the Department of Health and Human Services (including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), the Department of Defense (DOD), the U.S. Peace Corps, and the Department of State.
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| title = Kenya / HIV/AIDS
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| last=
−
  | accessdate = 2011-03-25
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| first=
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| work = USAID | quote = USAID/Kenya’s HIV/AIDS program is supported by the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). PEPFAR, a five-year, $48 billion program, is led by the U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator, in conjunction with USAID, the Department of Health and Human Services (including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), the Department of Defense (DOD), the U.S. Peace Corps, and the Department of State.
+
| publisher=USAID
−
}}
+
| year=
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</ref> USAID funded a VMMC based circumcision campaign propaganda video to air on television in South Africa.<ref>
+
| urltitle=Kenya / HIV/AIDS
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{{cite web
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| url=http://kenya.usaid.gov/programs/health/77
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  | url = http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R8baq-d-Y5Q
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| accessdate=2011-03-25
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  | title = VMMC Soccer Videos from Kenya
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}}</ref> USAID funded a VMMC based circumcision campaign propaganda video to air on television in South Africa.<ref>{{REFweb
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  | accessdate = 2011-04-28
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| last=
−
| date = December 2010
+
| first=
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| work = VMMC.m4v
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| year=December 2010
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| publisher = YouTube
+
| title=VMMC Soccer Videos from Kenya
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}} Short video vignettes with a soccer theme that was field tested in communal video houses in Nyanza, Kenya during the 2010 World Cup Soccer broadcasts.
+
  | url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R8baq-d-Y5Q
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</ref>
+
  | publisher=VMMC.m4v
 +
  | accessdate=2011-04-28
 +
}} Short video vignettes with a soccer theme that was field tested in communal video houses in Nyanza, Kenya during the 2010 World Cup Soccer broadcasts.</ref>
  
 
== No Clear Pattern of Association ==
 
== No Clear Pattern of Association ==
  
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{{Quote box
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{{Citation
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|title = Levels and Spread of HIV Seroprevalence and Associated Factors: Evidence from National Household Surveys
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| Title=Levels and Spread of HIV Seroprevalence and Associated Factors: Evidence from National Household Surveys
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|quote = There appears no clear pattern of association between male circumcision and HIV prevalence—in 8 of 18 countries with data, HIV prevalence is lower among circumcised men, while in the remaining 10 countries it is higher.
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| Text=There appears no clear pattern of association between male circumcision and HIV prevalence—in 8 of 18 countries with data, HIV prevalence is lower among circumcised men, while in the remaining 10 countries it is higher.
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|source = <small>--Levels and Spread of HIV Seroprevalence and Associated Factors: Evidence from National Household Surveys [http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/CR22/CR22.pdf (February 2009)]</small>
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| Author=
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|align = left
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| Source=
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|width = 55%
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| lang=
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|quoted = yes
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| before=
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| Transcription=
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| Translation=
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| ref=<ref>Levels and Spread of HIV Seroprevalence and Associated Factors: Evidence from National Household Surveys [http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/CR22/CR22.pdf (February 2009)]</ref>
 
}}
 
}}
  

Revision as of 14:24, 17 August 2019

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USAID

In a February 2009 report produced by USAID, a U.S. government agency, researchers found that circumcised men were more likely to have HIV in 10 of 18 (African) countries with data available.[1] The report found condom use, not circumcision, to be correlated with HIV status. Despite this report, USAID is listed as a contributing partner and a sponsor for the "Clearinghouse on Male Circumcision for HIV Prevention."[2][3]

Circumcision Scale-Up

USAID has studied the "scale-up" of circumcision in Africa and shows support for circumcision in numerous places on its website.[4][5][6][7]


Accelerated Saturation Initiative

In November 2010, USAID issued a "technical brief" on male circumcision as HIV prevention. In the report, USAID states that it is supporting Swaziland's "Accelerated Saturation Initiative" for circumcision by providing "implementation support together with the [U.S.] Department of Defense, the Peace Corps, and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)." The report goes on to say that USAID, along with UNAIDS, is providing technical and financial assistance in the studying circumcision programs in 14 African countries.[8]

Voluntary Male Medical Circumcision

USAID's support of what they call the "Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision Program: VMMC" also focused on Kenya.[9] USAID funded a VMMC based circumcision campaign propaganda video to air on television in South Africa.[10]

No Clear Pattern of Association

“ Levels and Spread of HIV Seroprevalence and Associated Factors: Evidence from National Household Surveys
There appears no clear pattern of association between male circumcision and HIV prevalence—in 8 of 18 countries with data, HIV prevalence is lower among circumcised men, while in the remaining 10 countries it is higher.[11]

C-Change

A USAID-funded organization called "C-Change" in Kenya is supporting "Male Circumcision Communication Toolkits" with the stated goal of "Creating demand for VMMC (circumcision)" and "facilitating a scale-up of materials" and capacity to perform more circumcisions from the government of Kenya. One of the ways C-Change is creating demand is by spreading information stating that "VMMC" prevents STI's.Cite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag[12][13]

One issue of C-Change's publication included a study measuring media coverage of circumcision as HIV prevention and strategies for keeping media reports positive.[14]

PEPFAR

In September 2010, USAID, funded by the U.S. PEPFAR program, along with a partner, also donated 5,000 male circumcision kits to Zimbabwe.[15]

References

  1. ↑ REFnews ; with Mishra, Vinod, Amy Medley, Rathavuth Hong, Yuan Gu, and Bryant Robey. [deprecated REFjournal parameter used: <coauthors> - please use <last2>, etc.](2009)."DHS Comparative Reports 22", Macro International, Inc.. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
    Quote: Levels and spread of HIV seroprevalence and associated factors: Evidence from national household surveys
  2. ↑ REFweb Male Circumcision Clearinghouse: Partners and Contributors, Clearinghouse for Male Circumcision on HIV Prevention. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
  3. ↑ REFnews (1 July 2010)."National AIDS and STI Control Programme", Government of Kenya. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
    Quote: Progress Report on Kenya's Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision Programme
  4. ↑ REFweb Research: Male Circumcision and HIV Prevention, USAID. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
  5. ↑ REFweb Male Circumcision, USAID. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
  6. ↑ REFnews ; with S. Clark, I. Fua [deprecated REFjournal parameter used: <coauthors> - please use <last2>, etc.](May 2003)."Program and Policy Implications for HIV Prevention and Reproductive Health", USAID/AIDSMark. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
    Quote: Male Circumcision: Current Epidemiological and Field Evidence
  7. ↑ REFweb Fighting HIV with Circumcision, USAID. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
  8. ↑ REFnews (error)."Technical Issue Brief", USAID. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
    Quote: Medical Male Circumcision and HIV Prevention
  9. ↑ Template:REFwebQuote
  10. ↑ REFweb VMMC Soccer Videos from Kenya, VMMC.m4v. Retrieved 28 April 2011. Short video vignettes with a soccer theme that was field tested in communal video houses in Nyanza, Kenya during the 2010 World Cup Soccer broadcasts.
  11. ↑ Levels and Spread of HIV Seroprevalence and Associated Factors: Evidence from National Household Surveys (February 2009)
  12. ↑ Template:REFwebQuote
  13. ↑ Template:REFwebQuote
  14. ↑ Template:REFwebQuote
  15. ↑ REFweb Own Correspondent. US donates 5 000 male circumcision medical kits, The Standard. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
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