Difference between revisions of "Sudden Infant Death Syndrome"
WikiModEn2 (talk | contribs) m |
WikiModEn2 (talk | contribs) m |
||
| (24 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown) | |||
| Line 5: | Line 5: | ||
|trans-title= | |trans-title= | ||
|language=English | |language=English | ||
| − | |last= | + | |last=Ananymous |
|first= | |first= | ||
|author-link= | |author-link= | ||
| Line 31: | Line 31: | ||
|last=Elhaik | |last=Elhaik | ||
|first=Eran | |first=Eran | ||
| + | |init=E | ||
|author-link= | |author-link= | ||
|etal=no | |etal=no | ||
|title=A "wear and tear" hypothesis to explain Sudden Infant Death Syndrome | |title=A "wear and tear" hypothesis to explain Sudden Infant Death Syndrome | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
|journal=Frontiers in Neurology | |journal=Frontiers in Neurology | ||
|location= | |location= | ||
| Line 50: | Line 49: | ||
|accessdate=2020-07-07 | |accessdate=2020-07-07 | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | The [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] (2016) now recommends that infants be put to sleep on their back instead of on their side or stomach.<ref name="feldman-winter2016">{{REFjournal | ||
| + | |last= Feldman-Winter | ||
| + | |first=Lori | ||
| + | |init=L | ||
| + | |author-link= | ||
| + | |last2=Goldsmith, | ||
| + | |first2=Jay P. | ||
| + | |init2=JP | ||
| + | |author2-link= | ||
| + | |etal=no | ||
| + | |title=Safe sleep and skin-to-skin care in the neonatal period for healthy term newborns | ||
| + | |journal=Pediatrics | ||
| + | |location= | ||
| + | |date=2016-10 | ||
| + | |volume=138 | ||
| + | |issue=3 | ||
| + | |pages=e2016-1889 | ||
| + | |url=https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/138/3/e20161889 | ||
| + | |archived= | ||
| + | |quote= | ||
| + | |pubmedID=27550975 | ||
| + | |pubmedCID= | ||
| + | |DOI=https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-1889 | ||
| + | |accessdate=2020-07-09 | ||
| + | }}</ref> While this has reduced the incidence of SIDS somewhat, it certainly has not eliminated it. | ||
==The allostasis hypothesis== | ==The allostasis hypothesis== | ||
| Line 69: | Line 94: | ||
|quote= | |quote= | ||
}}</ref> Professor Eran Elhaik (2016) has postulated a hypothesis, based on allopathic (stress) load that may explain the cause of SIDS. According to Elhaik:<blockquote> | }}</ref> Professor Eran Elhaik (2016) has postulated a hypothesis, based on allopathic (stress) load that may explain the cause of SIDS. According to Elhaik:<blockquote> | ||
| − | We postulate that while low-level stress can stimulate adaptation, prolonged and repetitive iatrogenic stressful, painful, or traumatic experiences during prenatal, perinatal, neonatal, and postneonatal development constitute allostatic overload and are risk factors for SIDS. Due to their total dependence, the infant’s ability to allostatically regulate exposure to stressors is severely constrained, which increases their vulnerability to disease and premature death. Due to their difficulties in maintaining homeostasis and inability to escape/avoid iatrogenic or non-medically nociceptive exposure, infants are vulnerable to toxic stress with preterm infants being the most vulnerable.<ref name="elhaick2016" /></blockquote> | + | We postulate that while low-level stress can stimulate adaptation, prolonged and repetitive [[iatrogenic]] stressful, painful, or traumatic experiences during prenatal, perinatal, neonatal, and postneonatal development constitute allostatic overload and are risk factors for SIDS. Due to their total dependence, the infant’s ability to allostatically regulate exposure to stressors is severely constrained, which increases their vulnerability to disease and premature death. Due to their difficulties in maintaining homeostasis and inability to escape/avoid iatrogenic or non-medically nociceptive exposure, infants are vulnerable to toxic stress with preterm infants being the most vulnerable.<ref name="elhaick2016" /></blockquote> |
Elhaik lists infant stressors such as: | Elhaik lists infant stressors such as: | ||
* maternal smoking | * maternal smoking | ||
| Line 79: | Line 104: | ||
Elhaik lists stressors from non-therapeutic neonatal circumcision as: | Elhaik lists stressors from non-therapeutic neonatal circumcision as: | ||
* intense pain | * intense pain | ||
| − | * bleeding | + | * [[bleeding]] |
| − | * shock | + | * [[shock]] |
* sepsis | * sepsis | ||
| − | * circulatory shock | + | * circulatory [[shock]] |
* hemorrhage | * hemorrhage | ||
that can result in death. He points out that post-operative circumcision pain can last for 10-14 days.<ref name="elhaick2016" /> | that can result in death. He points out that post-operative circumcision pain can last for 10-14 days.<ref name="elhaick2016" /> | ||
| − | Elhaik lists skin breaking procedures such as heel sticks and seasonal respiratory viral infection as additional stressors.<ref name="elhaick2016" /> | + | Elhaik lists [[skin]] breaking procedures such as heel sticks and seasonal respiratory viral infection as additional stressors.<ref name="elhaick2016" /> |
Elhaick observes that the SIDS rate in the UK where the NHS does not perform non-therapeutic circumcision is 0.38 per 1000 as compared with the US rate of 0.55 per 1000 where most male infants are circumcised.<ref name="elhaick2016" /> | Elhaick observes that the SIDS rate in the UK where the NHS does not perform non-therapeutic circumcision is 0.38 per 1000 as compared with the US rate of 0.55 per 1000 where most male infants are circumcised.<ref name="elhaick2016" /> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Evidence of association with circumcision== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Elhaik (2019) published data from 15 countries and 40 U.S. states to provide evidence of an association between non-therapeutic neonatal [[circumcision]] and SIDS.<ref name="elhaik2019">{{REFjournal | ||
| + | |last=Elhaik | ||
| + | |first=Eran | ||
| + | |init=E | ||
| + | |author-link= | ||
| + | |etal=no | ||
| + | |title=Neonatal circumcision and prematurity are associated with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) | ||
| + | |journal=J Clin Transl Res. | ||
| + | |location= | ||
| + | |date=2019-01-10 | ||
| + | |volume=4 | ||
| + | |issue=2 | ||
| + | |pages=136-51 | ||
| + | |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6412606/ | ||
| + | |archived= | ||
| + | |quote= | ||
| + | |pubmedID=30873502 | ||
| + | |pubmedCID=6412606 | ||
| + | |DOI= | ||
| + | |accessdate=2020-07-09 | ||
| + | }}</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | Elhaik found Anglophone countries practice significantly more non-therapeutic neonatal circumcision than non-Anglophone countries and have a significantly higher SIDS rate than non-Anglophone countries.<ref name="elhaik2019" /> | ||
| + | |||
| + | Elhaik found great variation in the SIDS mortality rate. Of the 15 countries studied, The Netherlands, where the Dutch do not practice infant circumcision, was the lowest at 0.06 per 1000 births, while the United States where non-therapeutic infant circumcision is commonplace had the highest at 0.82 per 1000 births.<ref name="elhaik2019" /> | ||
| + | |||
| + | Hispanic people do not favor circumcision, so relatively few Hispanic boys are circumcised. Elhaik reported a lower incidence of unexplained neonatal death in states with a high Hispanic population. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Elhaik reported that the incidence of SIDS in states where [[Financial_Incentive#Medicaid_pays_for_it| Medicaid pays for non-therapeutic circumcision]] is higher than that of states where Medicaid does not pay for non-therapeutic circumcision.<ref name="elhaik2019" /> | ||
| + | |||
| + | Elhaik pointed out why infant circumcision has such an effect: | ||
| + | <blockquote> | ||
| + | Our finding that MNC is associated with SIDS is not surprising. Circumcision is associated with intra-operative and postoperative risks, including [[bleeding]], [[shock]], sepsis, circulatory [[shock]], hemorrhage, pain, and long-term consequences – all of which contribute toward allostatic load and, thereby, SIDS through various mechanisms. For instance, during circumcision there is an increase in the blood pressure, breathing rate, and heart rate. Even with the most advanced techniques, [[bleeding]] occurs in over 15% of the cases, in which case there is a danger that a lower blood volume would result in low blood pressure and reduced amount of oxygen that reaches the tissues. Reduced blood pressure has been associated with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), a condition where the walls of the throat relax and narrow during sleep, interrupting normal breathing. Unsurprisingly, SIDS victims experienced significantly more frequent episodes of OSA. Preterm neonates experience over twice the rate of [[bleeding]] complications than full-term neonates. MNC-related complications are unavoidable. For instance, in 1949, Gairdner reported that 16 out of 100,000 UK boys under 1-year old died due to circumcision. In tandem with the lack of evidence of a meaningful and relevant health benefits to the infant, several countries chose to opt out of the operation.<ref name="elhaik2019" /> | ||
| + | </blockquote> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Final comments== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Elhaik calls male neonatal circumcision "''a major risk-factor for SIDS''." He points to the effect of Medicaid funding of non-therapeutic infant circumcision on the increase in SIDS observed in states that pay for non-therapeutic circumcision of infant boys.<ref name="elhaik2019" /> | ||
| + | |||
| + | Elhaik views the association of non-therapeutic infant circumcision and SIDS as fully proven, but thinks additional research is necessary to determine cause and effect.<ref name="elhaik2019" /> | ||
| + | |||
| + | The [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] has not taken a position on the association of male non-therapeutic neonatal circumcision and SIDS, nor is it likely to because of the conflict of interest between good medicine and the [[Financial Incentive| financial interests]] of its fellows (members). | ||
| + | |||
| + | The ''Daily Mail'' (2021) reported the stress of non-therapeutic neonatal circumcision increases the risk of SIDS, and that the incidence of SIDS is lower where baby boys are not circumcised.<ref name="thompson2021">{{REFnews | ||
| + | |title=Circumcising newborn boys increases their risk of cot death due to the stress of the procedure - and could explain why it is more common in boys than girls, study finds | ||
| + | |url=https://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-5998771/Circumcising-newborn-boys-increases-risk-cot-death-stress-procedure.html | ||
| + | |last=Thompson | ||
| + | |first=Alexandra | ||
| + | |coauthors= | ||
| + | |publisher=Daily Mail | ||
| + | |website= | ||
| + | |date=2021-07-27 | ||
| + | |accessdate=2021-08-02 | ||
| + | |quote= | ||
| + | }}</ref> One source reported that the rate of crib (cot) death is .0004 in the [[United Kingdom]] and most other nations, but .0008 in [[Israel]] and the [[United States of America]] where [[circumcision]] of infant boys is the norm, producing an effective doubling of the [[death]] rate. | ||
{{SEEALSO}} | {{SEEALSO}} | ||
* [[Circumcision_risks#Post-operative_risks_.28A-Z.29|Circumcision risks: Post-operative risks A-Z]] | * [[Circumcision_risks#Post-operative_risks_.28A-Z.29|Circumcision risks: Post-operative risks A-Z]] | ||
| + | * [[Pain]] | ||
{{LINKS}} | {{LINKS}} | ||
| + | * {{REFnews | ||
| + | |title=Circumcision linked to sudden infant death syndrome. | ||
| + | |url=https://www.organiclifestylemagazine.com/circumcision-linked-to-sudden-infant-death-syndrome | ||
| + | |last=Martin | ||
| + | |first=Kristina | ||
| + | |coauthors= | ||
| + | |publisher=Organic Lifestyle Magazine | ||
| + | |website= | ||
| + | |date=2018-07-18 | ||
| + | |accessdate=2020-07-12 | ||
| + | |quote= | ||
| + | }} | ||
* {{REFweb | * {{REFweb | ||
| Line 100: | Line 196: | ||
|title=Neonatal circumcision could increase the risk of sudden infant death syndrome in babies – new research | |title=Neonatal circumcision could increase the risk of sudden infant death syndrome in babies – new research | ||
|trans-title= | |trans-title= | ||
| − | |language= | + | |language=English |
|last=Ehaik | |last=Ehaik | ||
|first=Eran | |first=Eran | ||
|author-link= | |author-link= | ||
|publisher=The Conversation | |publisher=The Conversation | ||
| − | |website= | + | |website=theconversation.com |
|date=2019-01-11 | |date=2019-01-11 | ||
|accessdate=2020-07-08 | |accessdate=2020-07-08 | ||
| Line 111: | Line 207: | ||
|quote= | |quote= | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | |||
* {{REFweb | * {{REFweb | ||
|url=https://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/circumcision-linked-to-sids | |url=https://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/circumcision-linked-to-sids | ||
|title=Circumcision linked to SIDS | |title=Circumcision linked to SIDS | ||
| − | |publisher=Doctors Opposing Circumcision | + | |publisher=[[Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.)]] |
|date=2019-01-11 | |date=2019-01-11 | ||
|accessdate=2020-07-04 | |accessdate=2020-07-04 | ||
| Line 122: | Line 217: | ||
{{REF}} | {{REF}} | ||
| − | [[Category:Circumcision | + | [[Category:Parental information]] |
| + | [[Category:Circumcision risk]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Circumcision complication]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | [[de:Plötzlicher Kindstod]] | ||
Latest revision as of 22:05, 31 August 2024
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), also known as cot death or crib death, is the sudden unexplained death of a child of less than one year of age.[1]
SIDS remains the leading cause of infant death in many developed countries. There are around 2,700 babies who die from cot death every year in the US – and around 300 in the UK.[2]
Cot death occurs when a seemingly healthy infant – under 12 months of age – dies in their sleep with no cause of death established in a post-mortem investigation. Although many risk factors are known to increase the risk of cot death – such as maternal smoking and bed sharing – nobody is exactly sure why it happens.[2]
The incidence of SIDS is higher in male infants as compared with female infants,[1] with a ratio of 60 male deaths to 40 female deaths.[3]
The American Academy of Pediatrics (2016) now recommends that infants be put to sleep on their back instead of on their side or stomach.[4] While this has reduced the incidence of SIDS somewhat, it certainly has not eliminated it.
Contents
The allostasis hypothesis
Allostasis is defined as "the process of achieving equilibrium through fluctuating neuroendocrine responses to physical and psychological stressors."[5] Professor Eran Elhaik (2016) has postulated a hypothesis, based on allopathic (stress) load that may explain the cause of SIDS. According to Elhaik:
We postulate that while low-level stress can stimulate adaptation, prolonged and repetitive iatrogenic stressful, painful, or traumatic experiences during prenatal, perinatal, neonatal, and postneonatal development constitute allostatic overload and are risk factors for SIDS. Due to their total dependence, the infant’s ability to allostatically regulate exposure to stressors is severely constrained, which increases their vulnerability to disease and premature death. Due to their difficulties in maintaining homeostasis and inability to escape/avoid iatrogenic or non-medically nociceptive exposure, infants are vulnerable to toxic stress with preterm infants being the most vulnerable.[3]
Elhaik lists infant stressors such as:
- maternal smoking
- maternal caffeine consumption
- preterm births
- non-urgent pediatric surgeries
- neonatal circumcision
Elhaik lists stressors from non-therapeutic neonatal circumcision as:
that can result in death. He points out that post-operative circumcision pain can last for 10-14 days.[3]
Elhaik lists skin breaking procedures such as heel sticks and seasonal respiratory viral infection as additional stressors.[3]
Elhaick observes that the SIDS rate in the UK where the NHS does not perform non-therapeutic circumcision is 0.38 per 1000 as compared with the US rate of 0.55 per 1000 where most male infants are circumcised.[3]
Evidence of association with circumcision
Elhaik (2019) published data from 15 countries and 40 U.S. states to provide evidence of an association between non-therapeutic neonatal circumcision and SIDS.[6]
Elhaik found Anglophone countries practice significantly more non-therapeutic neonatal circumcision than non-Anglophone countries and have a significantly higher SIDS rate than non-Anglophone countries.[6]
Elhaik found great variation in the SIDS mortality rate. Of the 15 countries studied, The Netherlands, where the Dutch do not practice infant circumcision, was the lowest at 0.06 per 1000 births, while the United States where non-therapeutic infant circumcision is commonplace had the highest at 0.82 per 1000 births.[6]
Hispanic people do not favor circumcision, so relatively few Hispanic boys are circumcised. Elhaik reported a lower incidence of unexplained neonatal death in states with a high Hispanic population.
Elhaik reported that the incidence of SIDS in states where Medicaid pays for non-therapeutic circumcision is higher than that of states where Medicaid does not pay for non-therapeutic circumcision.[6]
Elhaik pointed out why infant circumcision has such an effect:
Our finding that MNC is associated with SIDS is not surprising. Circumcision is associated with intra-operative and postoperative risks, including bleeding, shock, sepsis, circulatory shock, hemorrhage, pain, and long-term consequences – all of which contribute toward allostatic load and, thereby, SIDS through various mechanisms. For instance, during circumcision there is an increase in the blood pressure, breathing rate, and heart rate. Even with the most advanced techniques, bleeding occurs in over 15% of the cases, in which case there is a danger that a lower blood volume would result in low blood pressure and reduced amount of oxygen that reaches the tissues. Reduced blood pressure has been associated with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), a condition where the walls of the throat relax and narrow during sleep, interrupting normal breathing. Unsurprisingly, SIDS victims experienced significantly more frequent episodes of OSA. Preterm neonates experience over twice the rate of bleeding complications than full-term neonates. MNC-related complications are unavoidable. For instance, in 1949, Gairdner reported that 16 out of 100,000 UK boys under 1-year old died due to circumcision. In tandem with the lack of evidence of a meaningful and relevant health benefits to the infant, several countries chose to opt out of the operation.[6]
Final comments
Elhaik calls male neonatal circumcision "a major risk-factor for SIDS." He points to the effect of Medicaid funding of non-therapeutic infant circumcision on the increase in SIDS observed in states that pay for non-therapeutic circumcision of infant boys.[6]
Elhaik views the association of non-therapeutic infant circumcision and SIDS as fully proven, but thinks additional research is necessary to determine cause and effect.[6]
The American Academy of Pediatrics has not taken a position on the association of male non-therapeutic neonatal circumcision and SIDS, nor is it likely to because of the conflict of interest between good medicine and the financial interests of its fellows (members).
The Daily Mail (2021) reported the stress of non-therapeutic neonatal circumcision increases the risk of SIDS, and that the incidence of SIDS is lower where baby boys are not circumcised.[7] One source reported that the rate of crib (cot) death is .0004 in the United Kingdom and most other nations, but .0008 in Israel and the United States of America where circumcision of infant boys is the norm, producing an effective doubling of the death rate.
See also
External links
Martin, Kristina (18 July 2018)."Circumcision linked to sudden infant death syndrome.", Organic Lifestyle Magazine. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
Ehaik, Eran (11 January 2019). Neonatal circumcision could increase the risk of sudden infant death syndrome in babies – new research
, theconversation.com, The Conversation. Retrieved 8 July 2020.- (11 January 2019).
Circumcision linked to SIDS
, Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.). Retrieved 4 July 2020.
References
- ↑ a b Ananymous (31 January 2017).
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
, www.nichd.nih.gov/, National Institutes of Health. Retrieved 6 July 2020. - ↑ a b Elhaik, Eran (11 January 2019).
Neonatal circumcision could increase the risk of sudden infant death syndrome in babies – new research
, MedicalXpress. Retrieved 2 July 2020. - ↑ a b c d e
Elhaik E. A "wear and tear" hypothesis to explain Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Frontiers in Neurology. October 2016; 7 PMID. PMC. DOI. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ↑ Feldman-Winter L, Goldsmith, JP. Safe sleep and skin-to-skin care in the neonatal period for healthy term newborns. Pediatrics. October 2016; 138(3): e2016-1889. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
- ↑ Farlex Medical Dictionary (2012).
Allostatis
, Farlex. Retrieved 8 July 2020. - ↑ a b c d e f g Elhaik E. Neonatal circumcision and prematurity are associated with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). J Clin Transl Res.. 10 January 2019; 4(2): 136-51. PMID. PMC. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
- ↑ Thompson, Alexandra (27 July 2021)."Circumcising newborn boys increases their risk of cot death due to the stress of the procedure - and could explain why it is more common in boys than girls, study finds", Daily Mail. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
