Human rights: Difference between revisions
WikiModEn2 (talk | contribs) Add text. |
WikiModEn2 (talk | contribs) Insert section on the United States. |
||
| Line 63: | Line 63: | ||
Articles 7, 9, and 24 are applicable to male and female non-therapeutic circumcision of children. Each nation that is a state-party under the ICCPR, which took effect in 1976, pledges to enforce those rights for its citizens. | Articles 7, 9, and 24 are applicable to male and female non-therapeutic circumcision of children. Each nation that is a state-party under the ICCPR, which took effect in 1976, pledges to enforce those rights for its citizens. | ||
====Article seven==== | |||
Article 7 provides: | Article 7 provides: | ||
<blockquote> | <blockquote> | ||
No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. In particular, no one shall be subjected without his free consent to medical or scientific experimentation.</blockquote> | No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. In particular, no one shall be subjected without his free consent to medical or scientific experimentation.</blockquote> | ||
====Article nine==== | |||
Article 9 provides: | Article 9 provides: | ||
<blockquote> | <blockquote> | ||
Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person. | Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person. | ||
</blockquote> | </blockquote> | ||
====Article twenty-four==== | |||
Article 24 provides: | Article 24 provides: | ||
<blockquote> | <blockquote> | ||
| Line 98: | Line 98: | ||
==Application of the CRC to non-therapeutic circumcision of children== | ==Application of the CRC to non-therapeutic circumcision of children== | ||
===Article two=== | ====Article two==== | ||
Article two provides in part: | Article two provides in part: | ||
<blockquote> | <blockquote> | ||
| Line 105: | Line 105: | ||
This means that all children, male and female, and regardless of parental religious views, shall enjoy the same human rights. | This means that all children, male and female, and regardless of parental religious views, shall enjoy the same human rights. | ||
===Article twelve=== | ====Article twelve==== | ||
Article twelve provides: | Article twelve provides: | ||
<blockquote> | <blockquote> | ||
| Line 114: | Line 114: | ||
This means, with application to non-therapeutic circumcision, that the child, who is capable of expressing an opinion, shall have his views considered. | This means, with application to non-therapeutic circumcision, that the child, who is capable of expressing an opinion, shall have his views considered. | ||
===Article fourteen=== | ====Article fourteen==== | ||
Article fourteen provides: | Article fourteen provides: | ||
| Line 126: | Line 126: | ||
This means that a child may express his or her religious views, even though those views may differ from those of his or her parents. This includes views related to male or female circumcision. | This means that a child may express his or her religious views, even though those views may differ from those of his or her parents. This includes views related to male or female circumcision. | ||
===Article nineteen=== | ====Article nineteen==== | ||
Article nineteen provides: | Article nineteen provides: | ||
<blockquote> | <blockquote> | ||
| Line 137: | Line 137: | ||
States, which are parties to this Convention, have a duty to protect children from such harm. | States, which are parties to this Convention, have a duty to protect children from such harm. | ||
===Article twenty-four=== | ====Article twenty-four==== | ||
Article twenty-four has several paragraphs. Paragraph three is of special importance to male circumcision which is a traditional practice that dates back to before the advent of recorded history. | Article twenty-four has several paragraphs. Paragraph three is of special importance to male circumcision which is a traditional practice that dates back to before the advent of recorded history. | ||
| Line 179: | Line 179: | ||
|accessdate=2020-02-02 | |accessdate=2020-02-02 | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
==Acceptance of international human rights law in the United States of America== | |||
The United States Senate ratified the ICCPR in 1992, but it doing so, it took an extraordinary number of reservations, understandings, and declarations. With these reservations, the ICCPR does not provide a cause for action in United States Courts.<ref>{REFdocument | |||
|title=U.S. Reservations to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: Credibility Maximization and Global Influence | |||
|trans-title= | |||
|language= | |||
|url=https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1018&context=njihr | |||
|contribution= | |||
|quote= | |||
|trans-quote= | |||
|quote-lang= | |||
|last=Ash | |||
|first=Kristina | |||
|author-link= | |||
|publisher=Northwestern University Journal of International Human Rights | |||
|format= | |||
|date=2005-03 | |||
|accessdate=2020-02-03 | |||
}}</ref> The effect is to render the ICCPR toothless in the United States. | |||
{{SEEALSO}} | {{SEEALSO}} | ||