Breastfeeding

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Breastfeeding and human milk are the normative standards for infant feeding and nutrition for the first six months of life according to the Canadian Paediatric Society and the American Academy of Pediatrics.[1][2] Human milk should be the sole source of nutrition for the first six months, however the Canadian Paediatric Society (2013) and the American Academy of Pediatrics (2022) recommended supplementation with Vitamin D.[1][2] Complementary foods are introduced at about six months of age, but breastfeeding should continue.[1][2]

The WHO and UNICEF recommend recommend that children initiate breastfeeding within the first hour of birth and be exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months of life – meaning no other foods or liquids are provided, including water. Infants should be breastfed on demand – that is as often as the child wants, day and night. No bottles, teats or pacifiers should be used. From the age of 6 months, children should begin eating safe and adequate complementary foods while continuing to breastfeed for up to 2 years and beyond.[3]

Benefits of breastfeeding

The Canadian Paediatric Society reported that breastfeeding is associated with "improved cognitive development."[1]

The American Academy of Pediatrics reported that, as compared with formula feeding, breastfeeding reduces sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), infant and neonatal mortality, lower respiratory tract infection, severe or persistent diarrhea, otitis media, asthma, eczema, Crohn's disease, colitis, childhood and adult obesity, diabetes, and leukemia.[2]

Contraindications to breastfeeding

There are certain conditions that contraindicate breastfeeding. The American Academy of Pediatrics provides a discussion of contraindications.[2]

Circumcision impairs commencement of breastfeeding

Neonatal circumcision is a medically unnecessary, non-therapeutic, intensely painful surgery that is carried out just the time when breastfeeding is being commenced. Circumcision causes extreme pain, trauma, and shock, and disturbs feeding behavior.[4] The infant boy is left in a debilitated state in which he is unable to initiate breastfeeding,[5][6] which frequently results in the introduction of formula feeding to the detriment of a boy's health.[7]

External links

  • REFweb (August 2020). Breastfeeding, Caring for Kids. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  • REFweb (2022). Breastfeeding, healthychildren.org. Retrieved 6 December 2022.

References

  1. ↑ a b c d REFjournal Critch JM. Nutrition for healthy term infants, birth to six months: An overview. Paediatr Child Health. April 2013; 18(4): 206-7. PMID. PMC. DOI. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  2. ↑ a b c d e REFjournal Meek JY, Meek L. Policy Statement: Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk. Pediatrics. July 2022; 150(1): e2022057988. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  3. ↑ REFweb Breastfeeding, WHO. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
  4. ↑ REFjournal American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health; Task Force on Pain in Infants, Children, and Adolescents. The Assessment and Management of Acute Pain in Infants, Children, and Adolescents (0793). Pediatrics. September 2002; 108(3): 793-7. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
  5. ↑ REFjournal Lee N. Circumcision and Breastfeeding. J Hum Lact. 2000; 16(4): 295. PMID. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
  6. ↑ REFjournal Caplan L. Circumcision and Breastfeeding: A Response to Nikki Lee's Letter. J Hum Lact. 2001; 17(1): 7. PMID. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
  7. ↑ REFjournal Hill G. Breastfeeding must be given priority over circumcision. J Hum Lact. February 2003; 19(1): 21. PMID. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
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