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Emde ''et al''. (1971) showed that the "stress" of circumcision caused an increase in the amount of non-REM sleep.<ref name="emde1971">{{REFjournal
|last=Emde
|first=Robert N
|author-link=
|last2=Harmon
|first2=Robert J.
|author2-link=
|last3=Metcalf
|first3=David
|author3-link=
|last4=Koenig
|first4=Kenneth L.
|author4-link=
|last5=Wagonfeld
|first5=Samuel
|author5-link=
|etal=no
|title=Stress and neonatal sleep
|trans-title=
|language=English
|journal=Psychosom Med
|location=
|date=1971
|volume=33
|issue=6
|pages=491-7
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/birth/emde/
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|accessdate=
}}</ref>
Richards, Bernal, and & Brackbill (1976) discovered behavioral differences between American boys (circumcised) and British boys (intact).<ref name="richards1976">{{REFjournal
|last=Richards
|first=M.P.M.