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This * Rawlings, Miller & Engel showed that as pain of circumcision increased, oxygenation of the skin decreased.<ref name="rawlings1980">{{REFjournal |last=Rawlings |first= |author-link= |last2= |first2= |author2-link= |last3= |first3= |author3-link= |last4= |first4= |author4-link= |last5= |first5= |author5-link= |last6= |first6= |author6-link= |last7= |first7= |author7-link= |last8= |first8= |author8-link= |last9= |first9= |author9-link= |etal=yes |title=The effect of circumcision on transcutaneous PO2 in term infants |trans-title= |language=English |journal=Am J Dis Child |location= |date=1980-07 |volume=134 |issue=7 |pages=676-8 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/pain/rawlings1/ |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=7395829 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1001/archpedi.1980.02130190044011 |accessdate=2020-11-13}}</ref> Operation on infants without anesthesia continued for well over a century, at least until 1987, when the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] was forced to issue a CYA statement that called for the use of anesthesia.<ref>{{REFjournal
Pain
,→History: Add text and citation.
Flechsig's opinion was not questioned until the 1970s. Several lines of research carried out in the 1970s suggested that infants do feel pain.
* Anders ''et al''. (1970) showed that measurement of serum cortisol is useful for psychological investigation in infancy.<ref name="anders1970">{{REFjournal
|last=Anders
|first=Thomas F.
}}</ref>
* Emde ''et al''. (1971) showed that the "stress" of circumcision caused an increase in the amount of non-REM sleep.<ref name="emde1971">{{REFjournal
|last=Emde
|first=Robert N
}}</ref>
* Richards, Bernal, & Brackbill (1976) discovered behavioral differences between American boys (circumcised) and British boys (intact).<ref name="richards1976">{{REFjournal
|last=Richards
|first=M.P.M.
}}</ref>
* Luther, Kraybill & Potter (1976) compared the level of cortisol in infants before and after circumcision. They found a substantial rise in the cortisol levels in the infants, which they said was due to the "stress" of circumcision.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Talbert
|first=Luther M.
}}</ref>
|last=Poland
|first=Ronald L.