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|last4= |first4= |author4-link= |last5= |first5= |author5-link= |last6= |first6= |author6-link= |last7= |first7= |author7-link= |last8= |first8= |author8-link= |last9= |first9= |author9-link= |etal=yesno
Pain
,→History: Add text.and citation.
}}</ref>
* Rawlings, Miller & Engel (1980) showed that as pain of circumcision increased, oxygenation of the skin decreased.<ref name="rawlings1980">{{REFjournal
|last=Rawlings
|first=David J.
|author-link=
|last2=Miller |first2=Patricia Anne
|author2-link=
|last3=Engel |first3=Rolf R.
|author3-link=
|title=The effect of circumcision on transcutaneous PO2 in term infants
|trans-title=
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1001/archpedi.1980.02130190044011
|accessdate=2020-11-13
}}</ref>
* Gunnar ''et al''. (1981) recorded serum cortisol and behavior state through the unanesthetized circumcision process. Serum cortisol levels and behavior state were found to be closely related. The authors stated:
<blockquote>
Neonatal circumcision is performed without anesthesia and it is clearly stressful for the infant.
</blockquote>
The authors were still unwilling to use the word ''pain'' and substituted the word ''stress''. <ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Gunnar
|first=Megan R.
|author-link=
|last2=Fisch
|first2=Robert O.
|author2-link=
|last3=Korsvick
|first3=Sherry
|author3-link=
|last4=Donhowe
|first4=John M.
|author4-link=
|etal=no
|title=The effects of circumcision on serum cortisol and behavior.
|trans-title=
|language=English
|journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology
|location=
|date=1981
|volume=6
|issue=3
|pages=260-75
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/pain/gunnar/
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=7291435
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1016/0306-4530(81)90037-8
|accessdate=2020-11-13
}}</ref>