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Insert new South Africa sub-section; Wikify Langerhans cells.
==== Langerhans Cell Hypothesis ====
Recent circumcision studies in Africa were conducted under the hypothesis that the [[Langerhans cells ]] were the prime port of entry for the HIV virus. According to the hypothesis, circumcision was supposed to prevent HIV transmission by removing the Langerhans cells found in the inner mucosal lining of the foreskin.
deWitte found that not only are Langerhans cells found all over the body and that their complete removal is virtually impossible. Furthermore, deWitte found that Langerhans cells that are present in the foreskin produce Langerin, a substance that has been proven to kill the HIV virus on contact, acting as a natural barrier to HIV-1 transmission by Langerhans cells.<ref>{{REFjournal
===== Rwanda =====
DHS 2005 - 3.8 vs 2.1 <ref>http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR183/15Chapter15.pdf p. 10</ref>
=====South Africa=====
Rosenberg ''et al''. (2018) report that circumcised men in South Africa are more likely to be HIV infection than in intact men.<ref name="Rosenberg2018">{{REFjournal
|last=Rosenberg
|first=Molly S.
|author-link=
|last2=Gómez-Olivé
|first2=FX
|author2-link=
|last3=Ronr
|first3=Julia K
|author3-link=
|last4=Kahn
|first4=Kathleen
|author4-link=
|last5=Bärnighausen
|first5=Till W
|author5-link=
|etal=no
|title=Are circumcised men safer sex partners? Findings from the HAALSI cohort in rural South Africa
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=PLOS ONE
|date=2018-08-01
|volume=13
|issue=8
|pages=e0201445
|url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0201445
|quote=
|pubmedID=30067842
|pubmedCID=6070310
|DOI= https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0201445
|accessdate=2019-10-20
}}</ref>
===== Swaziland =====