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'''Hypospadias''' is an absolute contraindication for neonatal [[circumcision]] until a paediatric surgeon evaluates the case.
{{WikipediaQuote|URL=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypospadias}}
'''Hypospadias''' is a common variation in fetal development of the [[penis]] in which the [[urethra]] does not open from its usual location in the head of the [[penis]]. It is the second-most common birth abnormality of the male reproductive system, affecting about one of every 250 males at birth.<ref name="Snodgrass">{{REFbook
|last=Snodgrass
|first=Warren
|editorinit=W |editors=Allan Wein, Meredith F Campbell, Patrick C Walsh
|edition=10
|title=Campbell-Walsh Urology
|chapter=130: Hypospadias
|isbn=978-1-4160-6911-9
}}</ref> Roughly 90% of cases are the less serious distal hypospadias, in which the urethral [[urethra]]l opening (the [[Urinary meatus|meatus]]) is on or near the head of the [[Glans penis|penis glans]]. The remainder have proximal hypospadias, in which the meatus is all the way back on the shaft of the [[penis]], near or within the [[scrotum]]. Shiny tissue that should have made the [[urethra ]] extends from the meatus to the tip of the glans; this tissue is called the [[urethral plate]].
The prevalance of hypospadias is highest in North America and lowest in Asia.<ref name="vanderhorst2017>{{REFjournal
|last=van der Horst
|firstinit=HJ
|author-link=
|last2=de Wall
|first2init2=LL
|author2-link=
|etal=no
|volume=176
|issue=4
|pages=435-41441
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5352742/
|quote=
}}</ref>
The [[foreskin ]] frequently does not develop normally. The ventral portion of the foreskin may not develop so the foreskin takes the form of a dorsal flap.<ref name="vanderhorst2017 />
==Surgical repair==
Each case must be evaluated to determine how best to proceed. Mild cases may not require repair. <ref name="winship-rushton2017>{{REFjournal |last=Winship |first=Brenton B. |init=BB |author-link= |last2=Ruston |first2=H. Gil |init2=HG |author2-link= |last3=Pohl |first3=Hans G. |init3=HG |author3-link= |etal=yes |title=In pursuit of the perfect penis: Hypospadias repair outcomes |trans-title= |language= |journal=J Pediatr Urol |location= |date=2017-06 |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=285-288 |url=https://www.jpurol.com/article/S1477-5131(17)30103-1/fulltext |quote= |pubmedID=28351650 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1016/j.jpurol.2017.01.023 |accessdate=2019-10-23}}</ref>
If surgical repair is to be undertaken, then van der Horst & de Wall (2017) recommend that surgical repair be carried out after four months of age and prior to eighteen months of age.<ref name="vanderhorst2017 />
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|accessdate=2019-10-21
|format=
|quote=
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://www.urologyhealth.org/urologic-conditions/hypospadias
|title=What is Hypospadias
|trans-title=
|language=
|last=
|first=
|author-link=
|publisher=Urology Care Foundation
|website=https://www.urologyhealth.org/
|date=
|accessdate=2019-10-23
|format=
|quote=
[[Category:Genital surgery]]
[[Category:Penile disordersdisorder]]
[[Category:Literature]]
[[de:Hypospadie]]