Changes

<ref>{{REFjournal |first=Adler |last=R, . |last2=Ottaway |first2=S, . |last3=Gould |first3=S. circumcision |title=Circumcision: We have heard from the experts; now let’s hear from the parents. '' |journal=Pediatrics'' |date=2001 Feb;-02 |volume=107( |issue=2): |page=E20}}</ref>

Another study found that physicians were less likely to circumcise their own sons.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Topp, |first=S. ( |date=1978, January). -01 |title=Why not to circumcise your baby boy. '' |journal=Mothering'. |volume=6, |pages=69-77.}}</ref>This suggests that doctors are very well aware that circumcision is a non-therapeutic surgery (in short, a ritual); but they do not appear to share this knowledge with parents.

A busy physician can supplement their income by as much as $60,000 per year from circumcision surgeries alone. <ref>{{REFbook |last=Fleiss, |first=Paul M.D. '' |author-link=Paul M. Fleiss |title=What your Doctor May Not Tell You About Circumcision''. |publisher=Warner books. |location=New York. |year=Sept 2002.}}</ref> This incentive can cloud a physician’s judgment when it comes to providing parents with information about circumcision.

Many parents are surprised to hear that anesthetics are used in only a minority of cases.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Stang , |first=M.J., & |last2=Snellman, |first2=L.W. ( |date=1998). |title=Circumcision practice patterns in the United States. '' |journal=Pediatrics''. |volume=101( |issue=6)}}</ref>

The use of local anesthetics significantly drives up the costs of surgery. When anesthetics are used, they can only reduce the pain. Infants can not be given general anesthesia because of the medical risks involved. In the recent past, anesthesia was rarely used, if ever. Because of this, circumcision has always been an extremely traumatizing experience causing an array of short and long term behavioral and developmental problems <ref>{{REFjournal |last=Gunnar MR, |first=M.R. |last2=Fisch RO, |first2=R.O. |last3=Korsvik |first3=S, . |last4=Donhowe JM |first4=J. M. |title=The effects of circumcision on serum cortisol and behavior. '' |journal=Psychoneuroendocrinolog'' |date=1981; |volume=6( |issue=3): |pages=269-75.275}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal |last=Porter FL, |first=F.L. |last2=Miller RH, and |first2=R.H. |last3=Marshal RE |first3=R. E. |title=Neonatal pain cries: effect of circumcision on acoustic features and perceived urgency. 11Child Dev11 |journal=Child Dev |date=1986; |volume=57: |pages=790-802.}}</ref><ref>Porter, FL, Porges SW, Marshall RE. Newborn pain cries and vagal tone: parallel changes in response to circumcision. ''Child Dev'' 1988;59:495-505.</ref>