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'''Informed consent''' is a legal and ethical prerequisite for surgery in the United States.
==Information for parents regarding non-therapeutic circumcision of infant boys.==
For some reason this information is not making it to parents. Studies have shown that doctors provide parents with almost no accurate or useful information about circumcision.
<ref>Taddio A, Goldbach M, Ipp E, ''et al''. [http://www.cirp.org/library/pain/taddio/Effect of neonatal circumcision on pain responses during vaccination in boys]. ''Lancet'' 1995;345:291-2. Retrieved 3/21/11</ref>
<ref>Taddio A, Katz J, Ilersich AL, Koren G. [http://www.cirp.org/library/pain/taddio2 Effect of neonatal circumcision on pain response during subsequent routine vaccination]. ''Lance''t 1997;349(9052):599-603./ Retrieved 3/21/11</ref>
<ref>LaPrairie Jamie L. Murphy Anne Z. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2766783/ Neonatal Injury Alters Adult Pain Sensitivity by Increasing Opioid Tone in the Periaqueductal Gray]. ''Front Behav Neurosci Neurosc''i 30 September 2009. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2766783/ Retrieved 3/21/11</ref>
, post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
<ref>Boyle GJ, Goldman R, Svoboda JS, Fernandez E. [http://www.cirp.org/library/psych/boyle6/ Male circumcision: pain, trauma and psychosexual sequelae]. ''J Health Psychol'' 2002;7(3):329-43.</ref>
<ref>Rhinehart J. [http://www.cirp.org/library/psych/rhinehart1/ Neonatal circumcision reconsidered]. ''Transactional Analysis J'' 1999;29(3):215-21.</ref>
<ref>Ramos S, Boyle GJ[https://link.springer.com/chapter/10. 1007/978-1-4757-3351-8_14 Ritual and medical circumcision among Filipino boys: evidence of post-traumatic stress disorder]. In: Denniston GC, Hodges FM, Milos MF (eds) Understanding circumcision: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach to a Multi-Dimensional Problem. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2001: pp. 253-70.</ref>
<ref>Menage J. [http://www.cirp.org/library/psych/menage/ Post-traumatic stress disorder in women who have undergone obstetric and/or gynaecological procedures]. ''J Reprod Infant Psychol'' 1993;11:221-28.</ref>
, and a possibly of adult self destructive behavior.
<ref>Van der Kolk BA, Perry JC, Herman JL. [http://www.cirp.org/library/psych/vanderkolk_1991/ Childhood origins of self-destructive behavior]. ''Am J Psychiatry''. 1991; 148;1665-71.</ref><ref>Jacobson B, Bygdeman M. [https://www.bmj.com/content/317/7169/1346.full Obstetric care and proneness of offspring to suicide]. ''BMJ''. 1998; 317:1346-49.</ref><ref>Salk L, Lipsitt LP, Sturner WQ, ''et al''. [http://www.cirp.org/library/psych/salk1/ Relationship of maternal and perinatal conditions to eventual adolescent suicide]. ''Lancet'' 1985;i:624-7.</ref>
Many circumcised men, some of whom are [[Circumcised doctors| doctors]], experience a strong denial of loss which in turn fuels an emotional compulsion to repeat the trauma to normalize their loss.<ref>Van der Kolk BA. [http://www.cirp.org/library/psych/vanderkolk/ The compulsion to repeat the trauma: re-enactment, revictimization, and masochism]. ''Psychiatr Clin North Am''. 1989;12(2):389-411.</ref><ref>Goldman R. [https://bjui-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.0830s1093.x The psychological impact of circumcision]. ''BJU Int'' 1999;83 Suppl. 1:93-103.</ref><ref>Maguire P, Parks CM. [http://www.cirp.org/library/psych/maguire/ Coping with loss: surgery and loss of body parts]. ''BMJ''. 1998;316(7137):1086-8. http://www.cirp.org/library/psych/maguire/ retrieved 3/18/11</ref>
<ref>Hill G. [https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/33967758/2007-09_Hill.pdf?1402982200=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3D2007-09_Hill.pdf&Expires=1593048723&Signature=Is4Hq0eW0qQcHC2oM-K0d7oVPjsOpA~W8SQ62Sp--8ycfA7Zyk82a4XzuLWjuw5elXVmYzdBo47MjEdR7vZ-yqXVBpGbmH7c1iSeKmvmwPL5r6KSFER~0Sf4cgQsPFOH5rN35sG1MAHYE3M7atzGIear38oyvqq6~B3dCgyk05xD93-E7oZlLvZ-YkNhgdlJv0~7EkRJdV4Pr7vK40xJCY0bxN375KhP8n~edvQYvTNSGrApWqveLKirt7I4UF1opKcESa4Hx4jgiRftrUVjQKTb9Imcw7NjmPaV-QJvGqySxwWtw0UpYVpsy3pKiAYaWmNm2IBGhyTS2WJthJoHmQ__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZAThe case against circumcision]. ''J Mens Health Gend''. 2007;4(3):318-23.</ref>
<ref>Goldman R. [https://academic.oup.com/pch/article/9/9/630/2648566 Circumcision policy: a psychosocial perspective]. ''Paediatr Child Health'' 2004;9(9):630-3.</ref>
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