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→Pain and anesthesia: Add link in see also section.
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The use of local anesthetics significantly drives up the costs of surgery. When anesthetics are used, they can only reduce the [[pain]]. Infants can not be given general anesthesia because of the medical risks involved. In the recent past, anesthesia was rarely used, if ever. Because of this, circumcision has always been an extremely traumatizing experience causing an array of short and long term behavioral and developmental problems<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Gunnar
|first=M.R.
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Pain]]
* [[Risks and complications]]