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==Recent developments==
Garenne & Matthews (2019) reported that there is little difference in the incidence of HIV infection between circumcised men and intact men in Zambia. The authors stated that the "effectiveness of VMMC could therefore be seriously questioned."<ref name="garrenne2019">{{REFjournal
|last=Garenne
|first=Michel
|init=
|author-link=
|last2=Matthews
|first2=Alan
|init2=
|author2-link=
|etal=no
|title=Voluntary medical male circumcision and HIV in Zambia: expectations and observations
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=J Biosoc Sci
|location=
|date=2019
|volume=52
|issue=4
|article=
|page=
|pages=560-72
|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michel-Garenne/publication/336532028_Voluntary_medical_male_circumcision_and_HIV_in_Zambia_expectations_and_observations/links/5ddbf732299bf10c5a333405/Voluntary-medical-male-circumcision-and-HIV-in-Zambia-expectations-and-observations.pdf
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=31608845
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1017/S0021932019000634
|accessdate=2021-03-07
}}</ref>
As reported above, PEPFAR announced in November 2019 that the program to circumcise children would be discontinued due to abuses and an extremely high incidence of botched circumcision resulting in permanent injuries and mutilations.<ref name="lipstick2019" />
}}</ref>
The United States Department of State on 10 February 2021, announced a "temporary pause" in the development of Country Operational Plans and Regional Operational Plans, which it said was caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The Department of State affirmed that "HIV prevention and treatment services" would continue, but made no mention of male circumcisionor VMMC.<ref name="state2021">{{REFweb
|url=https://www.state.gov/temporary-pause-on-pepfar-cop-rop-2021-development-due-to-covid-19/
|title=Temporary Pause on PEPFAR COP/ROP 2021 Development Due to COVID-19