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→Culture: Add New Zealand and United Kingdom.
The practice of non-therapeutic circumcision in [[Canada]] has been declining for decades. The medical trade associations do not support the practice, hospitals do not provide non-therapeutic circumcision, and the fourteen health insurance plans do not pay for it.
===New Zealand===
The native Maori people of [[New Zealand]] do not circumcise. The European population of New Zealand formerly practiced non-therapeutic circumcision of boys but that practice has been generally abandoned. The Pacific island minority practice [[dorsal slit]], which is part of their culture.<ref name="mcgrath-young2001">{{REFbook
|last=McGrath
|first=Ken
|author-link=Ken McGrath
|last2=Young
|first2=Hugh
|author2-link=Hugh Young
|year=2001
|chapter=Review of Circumcision in New Zealand
|url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4757-3351-8_8 A
|work=
|editors=[[George C. Denniston]], [[Frederick M. Hodges]], [[Marilyn Fayre Milos]]
|edition=
|volume=
|title=Understanding Circumcision: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach to a Multi-Dimensional Problem
|pages=129-146
|location=New York
|publisher=Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers
|isbn=978-0306467011
|quote=
|accessdate=2021-05-17
|note=
}}</ref>
===United Kingdom===
Non-therapeutic circumcision of boys was a practice in the United Kingdom prior to about 1948. The National Health Service did not offer non-therapeutic circumcision of boys, so the practice was abandoned. Abandonment of non-therapeutic circumcision was encouraged by [[Douglas Gairdner]] whose landmark 1949 paper pointed out the lack of benefit and risks of non-therapeutic circumcision.<ref>{{GairdnerDM 1949}}</ref>
== Religion ==