Changes

Infant circumcision traditionally had been carried out without any kind of anesthesia or analgesia because of the false belief that infants could not feel pain. Researchers started to investigate the [[Pain| pain of circumcision]] in the 1970s.

David Grimes, {{MD}}, (1978), recognized the increasing controversy regarding the practice of non-therapeutic infant circumcision. Grimes discussed several concerns including:

[[Marilyn Fayre Milos]], {{RN}}, while a nursing student at [https://www.mymarinhealth.org/locations/medical-center/ Marin General Hospital], witnessed an unanesthetized circumcision of a newborn boy. Shocked by the extreme [[pain]] and horror of it, she became an opponent of infant circumcision and was forced to resign from her position at Marin General Hospital where infant non-therapeutic circumcision is a profit center and promoted to parents. She immediately created the National Organization of Circumcision Information Resource Centers ([[NOCIRC]]) in 1985.

[[Edward Wallerstein]] (1985) pointed out that the American way of practicing non-religious circumcision of boys is without parallel anywhere else in the world.<ref>{{REFjournal