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[[Marilyn Fayre Milos]], {{RN}}, while a nursing student at [https://www.mymarinhealth.org/locations/medical-center/ Marin General Hospital], witnessed an unanesthetized circumcision of a newborn boy. Shocked by the extreme [[pain]] and horror of it, she became an opponent of infant circumcision and was forced to resign from her position at Marin General Hospital where infant non-therapeutic circumcision is a profit center and promoted to parents. She immediately created the National Organization of Circumcision Information Resource Centers ([[NOCIRC]]) in 1985.
→Late twentieth century: Revise text.
Infant circumcision traditionally had been carried out without any kind of anesthesia or analgesia because of the false belief that infants could not feel pain. Researchers started to investigate the [[Pain| pain of circumcision]] in the 1970s.
David Grimes, {{MD}}, (1978), recognized the increasing controversy regarding the practice of non-therapeutic infant circumcision. Grimes discussed several concerns including:
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It was at about this time that several small organizations that opposed non-therapeutic circumcision of boys started to appear. One such organization was the Remain Intact Organization of Larchwood, Iowa, which was lead by Rev. Russell Zangger. From the 1970s to the 1990s Zangger sent out cards with New Testament quotations that said the outward sign of circumcision is of no value. Jeffrey R. Wood formed INTACT (Infants Need to Avoid Circumcision Trauma), founded in 1976 as a local resource serving Western Massachusetts, and "Dedicated to Preserving Freedom of Choice." The organization gained recognition and had members across the nation. [[Marilyn Fayre Milos]], {{RN}}, while a nursing student at [https://www.mymarinhealth.org/locations/medical-center/ Marin General Hospital], witnessed an unanesthetized circumcision of a newborn boy. Shocked by the extreme [[pain]] and horror of it, she became an opponent of infant circumcision and was forced to resign from her position at Marin General Hospital where infant non-therapeutic circumcision is a profit center and promoted to parents. She immediately created the National Organization of Circumcision Information Resource Centers ([[NOCIRC]]) in 1985.
[[Edward Wallerstein]] (1985) pointed out that the American way of practicing non-religious circumcision of boys is without parallel anywhere else in the world.<ref>{{REFjournal
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American lawyer William E. Brigman (1985) used new medical evidence to argue that circumcision is child abuse, and discussed possible legal remedies. Recent medical articles have documented the actual injury of circumcision, to make it possible for an attorney to win damages for wrongful circumcision, he said. Brigman suggested civil rights class action suits against hospitals.<ref name="brigman1985">{{REFjournal