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== No Clear Pattern of Association ==
{{Citation
|Title=Levels and Spread of HIV Seroprevalence and Associated Factors: Evidence from National Household Surveys
|Text=There appears no clear pattern of association between male circumcision and HIV prevalence—in 8 of 18 countries with data, HIV prevalence is lower among circumcised men, while in the remaining 10 countries it is higher.
|Author=
|Source=
|ref=<ref>Levels and Spread of HIV Seroprevalence and Associated Factors: Evidence from National Household Surveys [http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/CR22/CR22.pdf (February 2009)]</ref>
}}
Revive text and add citations.
|accessdate=2011-04-28
}} Short video vignettes with a soccer theme that was field tested in communal video houses in Nyanza, Kenya during the 2010 World Cup Soccer broadcasts.</ref>
== C-Change ==
|accessdate=2011-03-25
}}</ref>
== Medical evidence shows circumcision is ineffective at preventing HIV infection ==
{{Citation
|Title=Levels and Spread of HIV Seroprevalence and Associated Factors: Evidence from National Household Surveys
|Text=There appears no clear pattern of association between male circumcision and HIV prevalence—in 8 of 18 countries with data, HIV prevalence is lower among circumcised men, while in the remaining 10 countries it is higher.
|Author=
|Source=
|ref=<ref>Levels and Spread of HIV Seroprevalence and Associated Factors: Evidence from National Household Surveys [http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/CR22/CR22.pdf (February 2009)]</ref>
}}
Two separate very-large-scale population based studies found no relationship between circumcision status and the risk of contracting HIV infection.
Mayan et al. (2021) carried out a massive empirical study of the male population of the province of Ontario, [[Canada]] (569,950 males), of whom 203,588 (35.7%) were circumcised between 1991 and 2017. The study concluded that circumcision status is not related to risk of HIV infection.<ref name="mayan2021">{{REFjournal
|last=Mayan
|first=Madhur
|init=
|author-link=
|last2=Hamilton
|first2=Robert J.
|init2=
|author2-link=
|last3=Juurlink
|first3=David N.
|init3=
|author3-link=
|last4=Austin
|first4=Peter C.
|init4=
|author4-link=
|last5=Jarvi
|first5=Keith A.
|init5=
|author5-link=
|etal=no
|title=Circumcision and Risk of HIV Among Males From Ontario, Canada
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=J Urol
|location=
|date=2021-09-23
|volume=
|issue=
|article=
|page=
|pages=
|url=https://www.auajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1097/JU.0000000000002234
|archived=
|quote=We found that circumcision was not independently associated with the risk of acquiring HIV among men from Ontario, Canada.
|pubmedID=34551593
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1097/JU.0000000000002234
|accessdate=2021-11-20
}}</ref>
[[Morten Frisch]] and Jacob Simonsen (2021) carried out a large scale empirical population study in [[Denmark]] of 855,654 males regarding the alleged value of male circumcision in preventing HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in men. They found that circumcised men have a higher rate of STI and HIV infection overall than intact men.<ref name="frisch2021">{{REFjournal
|last=Frisch
|first=Morten
|init=
|author-link=Morten Frisch
|last2=Simonsen
|first2=Jacob
|init2=
|author2-link=
|etal=no
|title=Non-therapeutic male circumcision in infancy or childhood and risk of human immunodeficiency virus and other sexually transmitted infections: national cohort study in Denmark
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=Eur J Epidemiol
|location=
|date=2021-09-26
|volume=Published online ahead of print
|issue=
|article=
|page=
|pages=
|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10654-021-00809-6
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=34564796
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1007/s10654-021-00809-6
|accessdate=2021-11-20
}}</ref>
There now is credible evidence that the massive, expensive African circumcision programs have ''not'' been effective in preventing HIV infection.
==Criticism==
|accessdate=2021-05-15
}}</ref>
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