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* 1999 The [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] Task Force on Circumcision, after reviewing 40 years worth of medical studies, concluded that the "potential medical benefits of newborn male circumcision... are not sufficient to recommend routine neonatal circumcision." This report is also the first time the AAP has acknowledged (after decades of doctors mindlessly repeating the belief that babies don't feel significant pain) that circumcision without anesthesia is traumatic and if circumcision is to be done, anesthesia should be used. Here are some highlights from the report:
::'''Role of Hygiene:''' "there is little evidence to affirm the association between circumcision status and optimum penile hygiene."
::'''STDs including [[HIV]]:''' "behavioral factors appear to be far more important than circumcision status."
::'''Penile Cancer:''' "in a developed country such as the United States, penile cancer is a rare disease and the risk of penile cancer developing in an [[uncircumcised]] man, although increased compared with a circumcised man, is low."
::'''Urinary Tract Infections:''' "breastfeeding was shown to have a threefold protective effect on the incidence of UTI in a sample of [[uncircumcised]] infants. However, breastfeeding status has not been evaluated systematically in studies assessing UTI and circumcision status." meaning that the earlier UTIs studies results were confounded. Even if their numbers were accurate, in order to prevent one UTI during the first year of life by circumcising a baby boy, approximately 195 babies who will not get a UTI would need to be circumcised. Also infant girls commonly develop UTIs(in some studies at even higher rates than infant boys) and the standard treatment for them is antibiotics which works just as well for infant boys with UTIs. The AAP concludes this section noting that "the absolute risk of developing a UTI in an [[uncircumcised]] male infant is low (at most, ~1%)".
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* 2005 [[R. Y. Stallings]] finds that [[HIV ]] rates are significantly lower in circumcised women.<br>(Note: There was no WHO call for mass female circumcision to help prevent AIDS.)<ref>{{Stallings2005}}</ref>
* 2007 [[Robert C. Bailey]] ends his study early with the conclusion '''touting circumcision as a 'vaccine' that prevents [[HIV ]] infection'''.<br>(Note: This and other similar studies were widely reported throughout the American media.)<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Bailey
|first=Robert C.
}}</ref>
* 2007 [[L. de Witte]] finds that '''[[Langerhans cells]] found in the foreskin are a natural barrier to [[HIV ]] infection'''.<br>(Note: This and other similar studies were widely ignored throughout the American media.)<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=de Witte
|init=L