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Fleiss et al. (1998) report the inner [[mucosa]] contains apocrine glands, which secrete cathepsin B, lysozyme, chymotrypsin, neutrophil elastase, and hormones such as androsterone. The first four substances have protective immunological functions.<ref name="fleiss-hodges-vanhowe1998">{{FleissP HodgesF VanHoweRS 1998}}</ref>
After [[circumcision]], the residual [[mucosa]] is found between the [[circumcision scar]] and the [[glans penis]]. The [[mucosa]] is no longer moisturized by [[transudation]] from the [[foreskin]] and becomes desiccated and [[DekeratinizationKeratinization| keratinized]]. Non-surgical [[foreskin restoration]] helps the mucosa to return to normal by [[dekeratinization]].
==Care==