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'''Keratinization''' is the process whereby the surface of the [[glans]] and remaining [[preputial mucosa|mucosa]] of the [[circumcised ]] [[penis ]] become dry, toughened, hard and relatively insensitive.<ref>{{REFweb

}}</ref> Normally, the [[glans ]] is covered by the [[foreskin]], which moisturizes the area by [[transudation]], keeping the surface of the glans and inner [[mucosa]] moist and supple. After [[circumcision]], however, the glans and surrounding [[mucosa]] become permanently externalized, and they are exposed to the air and the constant abrasion of clothing. These areas dry out, causing layers of keratin to build, giving the glans and remaining [[mucosa]] a dry, leathery appearance and reducing sensation.

The color of the [[glans penis ]] in Caucasian males will vary. In [[intact]] males, the color of the glans penis is likely have a purple tint, while in [[circumcised]] and keratinized males the oolor is likely to be pinkish or flesh colored.

Higher incidence of [[Circumcision and HIV|HIV infection]] is found in [[circumcised ]] men who lack the [[Immunological and protective function of the foreskin| immunological protection]] of the [[foreskin]] and its [[Langerhans cells]].<ref name="rosenberg2018">{{REFjournal