Changes

In male human anatomy, the '''glans penis''' (or simply glans, /ɡlænz/)[1] is the sensitive bulbous structure at the distal end of the [[penis]]. <ref>{{REFweb |url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/glans+penis |title=glans penis |last= |first= |init= |author-link= |publisher=The Free Dictionary by Farlex |date= |accessdate=2025-01-25}}</ref> The glans is anatomically homologous to the [[clitoral glans]] of the human female. Typically, the glans of the normal [[penis]] is completely or partially covered by the [[foreskin]], except in men who have been circumcised, though the [[foreskin]] can generally be retracted over and past the glans.

The glans penis, or simply the glans, refers to the ''head of the penis''. Nature treated the glans penis as an internal organ, so the epithelium is mucosa and provided the foreskin for protection against [[infection]] and [[trauma]]. The glans is normally covered by a hood of folded [[skin]] called the [[foreskin]]. The foreskin moisturizes the glans penis by [[transudation]]. The surface of the glans is mucosal tissue that, under normal conditions, is moist and supple. If left uncovered for long periods of time, the surface of the glans becomes desiccated. In in the [[circumcision|circumcisedpreputial sac]] penis, the glans is permanently exposed; the surface of the glans dries out moist and develops layers of [[keratinization|keratin]] and loses sensationsupple.

The glans penis receives much of its blood supply through the [[frenular artery]]. If the frenular artery is damaged by circumcision, the glans penis of some men may not get full [[erection]]. Nature has designed the glans penis to be an internal organ, therefore the [[foreskin]] should be kept in position to cover the glans except for sexual activity and occasional washing.

Functions of the [[foreskin]] include protecting the glans penis from abrasion , [[keratinization]] and moistening it by with body oils and moisture to keep it moist , smooth, and sensitiveglossy with full sensation.<ref name="fleiss-hodges-vanhowe1998">{{FleissP HodgesF VanHoweRS 1998}}</ref>The glans of the [[foreskinned]] [[penis]] under the foreskin normally is kept moist to wet with a mixture of moisture and skin oil by [[transudation]]. The foreskin will also collect [[pre-ejaculate]] when it is secreted. When the foreskin is first retracted, There may be a substantial accumulation of beneficial [[smegma]] that has been collecting there harmlessly since birth.

It is normal for the glans penis (head of the penis) to be very sensitive to touch when the [[foreskin ]] is retracted for the first time since birth.

There is no particular reason to touch the head glans so, if it is sensitive painful to touch, then one may simply avoid touching it. Nature provides the [[foreskin]] with its well known [[Immunological and protective function of the foreskin| protective functions]]. Keeping Simply keeping the foreskin forward in its protective position over the glans penis also prevents will prevent pain.

When the glans penis loses the protection of the [[foreskin]] it collects a layer of [[keratin]] and loses its glossy appearance. The thick layer of keratin drastically reduces sensitivity.<!--The human glans penis has virtually no fine touch sensation and can only sense deep pressure and pain at a high threshold. This was first reported by the inventor of the aesthesiometer,<!-- <ref>{{Von (1894)}} | [[Template:Von (1894)|see more]]</p></ref> --> and led Sir Henry Head to make his famous comparison with the back of the heel.<!-- <ref>{{Head (1920)}} | [[Template:Head (1920)|see more]]</p></ref> -->

The [[dartos|dartos muscle sheet]] in the [[foreskin ]] produces contractions that are slow, sustained, and may produce great force, such as in cold temperatures.<ref name="jefferson1916">Jefferson G. [http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/jefferson/ The peripenic muscle; some observations on the anatomy of phimosis]. ''Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics'' 1916 Aug;23(2):177-81.</ref>

The innervation of the glans responds to pressure hence , so the glans are is meant to be stimulated with the [[foreskin]] as its medium.

<!--Most people are surprised to learn that the glans penis is one of the least sensitive parts of the entire body.<ref name="halata1985">Halata Z, Munger BL. [http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/halata/ The Neuroanatomical basis for the protopathic sensibility of the human glans penis]. ''Brain Res'' 1986 Apr 23;371(2):205-30.</ref>-->The glans is insensitive to light touch, heat, cold, and even pinpricks, as researches at the Department of Pathology in the [https://hsc.mb.ca/ Health Science Centre ] at the {{UNI|University of Manitoba|UManitoba}} discovered.<ref name="taylor1996">{{TaylorJR LockwoodAP TaylorAJ 1996}}</ref>The corona of the glans contains scattered free nerve endings, genital end bulbs, and pacinian corpuscles, which transmit sensations of pain and deep pressure. The glans is nearly incapable of detecting light touch. An impressive study performed by objective Chinese researchers conclusively demonstrated that [[adult circumcision| circumcision]] reduces the glans sensitivity to vibration. "The test group were 1.97 +/- 0.71, 2.64 +/- 1.38, 3.09 +/-1.46 and 2.97 +/- 1.20 respectively before and 1, 2 and 3 months after circumcision, with significant difference between pre- and post-operation (P < 0.05).<ref name="young2008">{{REFjournal |last=Yang |first= |init=D |author-link= |last2=Lin |first2= |init2=H |author2-link= |last3=Zhang |first3= |init3=B |author3-link= |last4=Guo |first4= |init4=W |author4-link= |etal=no |title=[Circumcision affects glans penis vibration perception threshold] |trans-title= |language=Chinese |journal=Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue |date=2008-04 |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=328-30 |quote=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18481425?dopt=Abstract |pubmedID=18481425 |pubmedCID= |DOI= |doi= |accessdate=2024-03-14}}</ref> The protection provided by the [[foreskin]] prevents [[keratinization]] and helps to maintain sensitivity of the glans penis. [[Foreskinned]] men frequently report that they feel pain when their glans penis is touched with their fingers, so many [[foreskinned]] men prefer to keep their glans penis covered by their [[intact]] [[foreskin]] except for occasional washing and sexual activity.

==The results glans penis after circumcision of the protective foreskin==If left uncovered for long periods of time, the surface of a fascinating study conducted by Drthe glans becomes desiccated. In the [[Christopher J. Coldcircumcised]] and Dr. [[Ken McGrath|Kenneth A. McGrathpenis]] demonstrate that , the human [[foreskin]] glans is an evolutionary advancement over permanently exposed; the foreskins surface of other primates. The human foreskin is far more sophisticated and responsive, as their comparative anatomy studies prove. This is seen most clearly in the evolutionary increase in corpuscular innervation and simultaneous decrease in corpuscular receptors in the human glans relative to the innervation of the foreskin dries out and glans develops layers of lower primates.<ref>Cold CJ, [[Ken McGrathkeratinization|McGrath KAkeratin]]and loses sensation. [http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/cold-mcgrat/ Anatomy and histology The experience of many men indicates that the heavy layer of keratin on the penile glans penis develops a cracked appearance and clitoral prepuce in primates: an evolutionary perspective feels hard when touched as compared with the normal glans pens.==The glans penis after restoration of the specializes sensory tissue protective foreskin==There is a paucity of scientific study of the external genitalia[[restored]]. In: Denniston GCpenis, Hodges MF, Milos FM (eds). ''Male and female circumcision: Medical, Legal, and Ethical Considerations in Pediatric Practice''. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 1999. ppso this information is based on the experience of many [[restored]] men. 19-29</ref>

In other wordsSome men have reported that, in monkeys and apesafter the glans penis is covered by a [[restored foreskin]], the they experienced peeling of a layer of [[glanskeratin]] is more sensitive then similar to the foreskin. In humanspeeling that occurs after sunburn, this however that is reversed, so that only the foreskin is more sensitive then beginning of restoration of the glanspenis.

An impressive study performed As [[foreskin restoration]] proceeds and more foreskin is available, the [[restored foreskin]] will start to cover the glans penis and the glans penis usually is bathed with natural skin oil and moisture by objective Chinese researchers conclusively demonstrated that [[circumcisiontransudation]] in a manner similar to an [[intact]] [[penis]] reduces . Over a period of several years, [[dekeratinization]] will continue and the glans sensitivity will become softer, glossier, and more sensitive. There usually will be a return to more normal color. One cannot say how long this process will take due to vibrationa lack of data.

Excessive washing of the restored [[preputial sac]] removes oil and should be avoided.<ref name="The test group were 1.97 +/birley1993">{{REFjournal |last=Birley |init=HDL |author- 0.71, 2.64 +/link= |last2=Walker |init2=MM |author2- 1.38, 3.09 +/link= |last3=Luzzi |init3=GA |author3-1.46 and 2.97 +/link= |last4=Bell |init4=R |author4- 1.20 respectively before link= |etal=yes |title=Clinical Features and 1, 2 management of recurrent balanitis; association with atopy and 3 months after circumcision, with significant difference between pregenital washing |trans- and posttitle= |language= |journal=Genitourin Med |location= |date=1993-operation (P < 0.05)."(1)10 |volume=69 |issue=5<ref name |pages="yang2008">Yang, D.400-M., Lin, H., Zhang, B., & Guo, W. (2008). [3 |url=https://pubmedwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18481425pmc/articles/PMC1195128/pdf/ Circumcision affects glans penis vibration perception threshold]genitmed00029-0074.pdf |quote= |format=PDF |pubmedID=8244363 |pubmedCID=1195128 |DOI=10.1136/sti. ''Zhonghua nan ke xue National Journal of Andrology'', 14(4), 328-3069. Retrieved 21 July 20215.400 |accessdate=2025-01-25}}</ref>