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Bollinger & Chapin (1999) documented the extremely painful and traumatic nature of infant circumcision.<ref name="bollinger2019">{{REFdocument |title=Child Genital Cutting as an Adverse Childhood Experience |trans-title= |language=English |url=http://adversechildhoodexperiences.net/CGC_as_an_ACE.pdf |archived= |contribution= |quote= |trans-quote= |quote-lang= |last=Bollinger |first=Dan |author-link=Dan Bollinger |last2=Chapin |first2=Georganne |author2-link=Georganne Chapin |publisher=Intact America |location=Tarrytown, New York, USA |format=PDF |date=2019-08-01 |accessdate=2021-06-30}}</ref> Ramos & Boyle (2001) studied the psychological effects of [[circumcision]] on Philippine boys. They reported that sixty-nine percent of traditionally circumcised boys and fifty-one percent of medically circumcised boys met the criteria for a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder ([[PTSD]]).<ref name="ramos-boyle2001">{{REFbook