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→Surrogate consent
When the patient is a minor, then [[surrogate consent]] is usually granted by a parent acting as surrogate. There are ethical limitations on the surrogate.
"Circumcision" actually is an irreversible [[amputation]] of a functional body part. It can In the [[United States]], even babies have legal rights to bodily integrity.<ref>[https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=12998230422916570030&hl=en&as_sdt=8000003&scfhb=1 Union Pac. Ry. Co v Botsford] 141 U.S. 251 (1890).</ref> Circumcision may lawfully be performed only if someone has granted a valid consent for the amputation.
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* {{URLwebsite|https://www.healthychildren.org/English/Pages/default.aspx|2025-09-18}}