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Created page with "thumb|300px|Section of skin showing large numbers of dendritic cells (Langerhans cells) in the [[Epidermis (skin)|epidermis. (''M. ulcerans''..."
[[File:Dendritic cells.jpg|thumb|300px|Section of skin showing large numbers of dendritic cells (Langerhans cells) in the [[Epidermis (skin)|epidermis]]. (''[[M. ulcerans]]'' infection, S100 [[immunoperoxidase|immunoperoxidase stain]].)]]
[[File:The representation of Langerhans cells in the Cell Ontology.jpg|thumb|300px|The representation of Langerhans cells in the Cell Ontology. A portion of the Cell Ontology is shown with ovals corresponding to cell types defined in the ontology and arrows corresponding to relations between those cell types. Langerhans cell is represented by a yellow oval; blue arrows correspond to is_a relations, and orange arrows correspond to develops_from relations. Only a subset of Langerhans cell parent types are included in the figure.<ref name="pmid19243617">{{REFjournal
| last=Masci
| first=Anna
| coauthors=Arighi, Cecilia N; Diehl, Alexander D.; Lieberman, Anne E.; Mungall, Chris; Scheuermann, Richard H.; Smith, Barry; Cowell, Lindsay G.
| title=An improved ontological representation of dendritic cells as a paradigm for all cell types
| journal=BMC Bioinformatics
| volume=10
| issue=70
| pages=
| url=
| quote=
| pubmedID=19243617
| pubmedCID=2662812
| DOI=10.1186/1471-2105-10-70
| date=2009
| accessdate=
}}</ref>]]
'''Langerhans cells''' are dendritic cells (antigen-presenting immune cells) of the skin and [[mucosa]], and contain large granules called Birbeck granules. They are present in all layers of the epidermis, but are most prominent in the stratum spinosum.<ref name="Wheaters">{{REFbook
| last=Young, Barbara; Heath, John W.
| first=
| year=2000
| title=Wheater's Functional Histology
| url=
| editor=
| edition=4
| volume=
| chapter=
| pages=162
| location=
| publisher=Churchill Livingstone
| isbn=0-443-05612-9
| quote=
| accessdate=
| note=
}}</ref> They also occur in the papillary dermis, particularly around blood vessels,<ref name=Wheaters /> as well as in the oral mucosa, [[foreskin]], and [[vagina]].<ref name=pmid7558138 /> They can be found in other tissues, such as lymph nodes, particularly in association with the condition Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH).
== History ==
The Langerhans cell is named after Paul Langerhans, a German physician and anatomist, who discovered the cells at the age of 21 while he was a medical student.<ref>{{REFjournal
| last=Langerhans
| first=Paul
| coauthors=
| title=Ueber die Nerven der menschlichen Haut (English: On the nerves of the human skin)
| journal=Archiv für Pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für Klinische Medicin
| volume=44
| issue=2-3
| pages=325-37
| url=
| quote=
| pubmedID=
| pubmedCID=
| DOI=10.1007/BF01959006
| date=1868
| accessdate=
| language=German
}}</ref> Because of their dendritic nature, he mistakenly identified the cells as part of the nervous system.<ref name="omim-lch">{{OMIM|number=604856|title=Langerhans cell histiocytosis}}</ref>
==Function==
In skin infections, the local Langerhans cells take up and process microbial antigens to become fully functional antigen-presenting cells.
Generally, dendritic cells in biological tissue are active in the capture, uptake and processing of antigens. Once dendritic cells arrive in secondary lymphoid tissue, however, they lose these properties while gaining the capacity to interact with naive T-cells.
Langerhans cells derive from the cellular differentiation of monocytes with the marker "Gr-1" (also known as "Ly-6G/Ly-6C"). This differentiation requires stimulation by colony stimulating factor (CSF)-1.<ref>{{REFjournal
| last=Ginhoux
| first=Florent
| coauthors=Tacke, Frank; Angeli, Veronique; Bogunovic, Milena; Loubeau, Martine; Dai, Xu-Ming; Stanley, E. Richard; Randolph, Gwendalyn J.; Merad, Miriam
| title=Langerhans cells arise from monocytes in vivo
| journal=Nature Immunology
| volume=7
| issue=3
| pages=265-73
| url=
| quote=
| pubmedID=16444257
| pubmedCID=
| DOI=10.1038/ni1307
| date=
| accessdate=
}}</ref> They are similar in morphology and function to macrophages.
Langerin is a protein found in Langerhans cells,<ref name="pmid14610287">{{REFjournal
| last=Valladeau
| first=Jenny
| coauthors=Dezutter-Dambuyant, Colette; Saeland, Sem
| title=Langerin/CD207 Sheds Light on Formation of Birbeck Granules and Their Possible Function in Langerhans Cells
| journal=Immunologic Research
| volume=28
| issue=2
| pages=93-107
| url=
| quote=
| pubmedID=14610287
| pubmedCID=
| DOI=10.1385/IR:28:2:93
| date=2003
| accessdate=
}}</ref> and other types of dendritic cells.<ref name="pmid18086861">{{REFjournal
| last=Poulin
| first=Lionel Franz
| coauthors=Henri, Sandrine; de Bovis, Béatrice; Devilard, Elisabeth; Kissenpfennig, Adrien; Malissen, Bernard
| title=The dermis contains langerin+ dendritic cells that develop and function independently of epidermal Langerhans cells
| journal=Journal of Experimental Medicine
| volume=204
| issue=13
| pages=3119-31
| url=
| quote=
| pubmedID=18086861
| pubmedCID=2150992
| DOI=10.1084/jem.20071724
| date=2007
| accessdate=
}}</ref>
== Clinical significance ==
=== LCH ===
In the rare disease Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), an excess of these cells is produced. This can cause damage to skin, bone and other organs.
=== HIV ===
Langerhans cells have been indicted as initial cellular targets in the sexual transmission of HIV,<ref>{{REFjournal
| last=Kawamura
| first=Tatsuyoshi
| coauthors=Kurtz, Stephen E.; Blauvelt, Andrew; Shimada, Shinji
| title=The role of Langerhans cells in the sexual transmission of HIV
| journal=Journal of Dermatological Science
| volume=40
| issue=3
| pages=147-55
| url=
| quote=
| pubmedID=16226431
| pubmedCID=
| DOI=10.1016/j.jdermsci.2005.08.009
| date=
| accessdate=
}}</ref> and as a target, reservoir, and vector of dissemination.<ref>{{REFjournal
| last=Dezutter-Dambuyant
| first=C
| coauthors=Charbonnier AS, Schmitt D
| title=Cellules dendritiques épithéliales et infection par HIV-1 in vivo et in vitro (English: Epithelial dendritic cells and HIV-1 infection in vivo and in vitro)
| journal=Pathologie Biologie
| volume=43
| issue=10
| pages=882-8
| url=
| quote=
| pubmedID=8786894
| pubmedCID=
| DOI=
| date=December 1995
| accessdate=
|language=French
}}</ref>
Langerhans cells have been observed in foreskin, vaginal, and oral mucosa of humans; the lower concentrations in oral mucosa suggest that it is not a likely source of [[HIV]] infection relative to foreskin and vaginal mucosa.<ref name="pmid7558138">{{REFjournal
| last=Hussain
| first=LA
| coauthors=Lehner T
| title=Comparative investigation of Langerhans' cells and potential receptors for HIV in oral, genitourinary and rectal epithelia
| journal=Immunology
| volume=85
| issue=3
| pages=475-84
| url=
| quote=
| pubmedID=7558138
| pubmedCID=1383923
| DOI=
| date=1995
| accessdate=
}}</ref>
On March 4, 2007 the online Nature Medicine magazine published the letter "Langerin is a natural barrier to HIV-1 transmission by Langerhans cells."<ref>{{REFjournal
| last=De Witte
| first=Lot
| coauthors=Nabatov, Alexey; Pion, Marjorie; Fluitsma, Donna; De Jong, Marein A W P; De Gruijl, Tanja; Piguet, Vincent; Van Kooyk, Yvette; Geijtenbeek, Teunis B H
| title=Langerin is a natural barrier to HIV-1 transmission by Langerhans cells
| journal=Nature Medicine
| volume=13
| issue=3
| pages=367-71
| url=
| quote=
| pubmedID=17334373
| pubmedCID=
| DOI=10.1038/nm1541
| date=2007
| accessdate=
}}</ref> One of the authors of the study, Teunis Geijtenbeek, said that "Langerin is able to scavenge viruses from the surrounding environment, thereby preventing infection" and "since generally all tissues on the outside of our bodies have Langerhans cells, we think that the human body is equipped with an antiviral defense mechanism, destroying incoming viruses."<ref>{{REFnews
| last=Mundell
| first=E. J.
| coauthors=
| url=http://health.msn.com/health-topics/articlepage.aspx?cp-documentid=100157237
| title=Scientists Discover 'Natural Barrier' to HIV
| publisher=MSN
| work=HealthDay
| quote=
| date==March 5, 2007
| accessdate=June 27, 2012
}}</ref>
{{REF}}
[[Category:Immunology]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Sexually Transmitted Disease]]
[[Category:Penile anatomy]]
[[Category:Foreskin anatomy]]
[[Category:From IntactWiki]]
[[File:The representation of Langerhans cells in the Cell Ontology.jpg|thumb|300px|The representation of Langerhans cells in the Cell Ontology. A portion of the Cell Ontology is shown with ovals corresponding to cell types defined in the ontology and arrows corresponding to relations between those cell types. Langerhans cell is represented by a yellow oval; blue arrows correspond to is_a relations, and orange arrows correspond to develops_from relations. Only a subset of Langerhans cell parent types are included in the figure.<ref name="pmid19243617">{{REFjournal
| last=Masci
| first=Anna
| coauthors=Arighi, Cecilia N; Diehl, Alexander D.; Lieberman, Anne E.; Mungall, Chris; Scheuermann, Richard H.; Smith, Barry; Cowell, Lindsay G.
| title=An improved ontological representation of dendritic cells as a paradigm for all cell types
| journal=BMC Bioinformatics
| volume=10
| issue=70
| pages=
| url=
| quote=
| pubmedID=19243617
| pubmedCID=2662812
| DOI=10.1186/1471-2105-10-70
| date=2009
| accessdate=
}}</ref>]]
'''Langerhans cells''' are dendritic cells (antigen-presenting immune cells) of the skin and [[mucosa]], and contain large granules called Birbeck granules. They are present in all layers of the epidermis, but are most prominent in the stratum spinosum.<ref name="Wheaters">{{REFbook
| last=Young, Barbara; Heath, John W.
| first=
| year=2000
| title=Wheater's Functional Histology
| url=
| editor=
| edition=4
| volume=
| chapter=
| pages=162
| location=
| publisher=Churchill Livingstone
| isbn=0-443-05612-9
| quote=
| accessdate=
| note=
}}</ref> They also occur in the papillary dermis, particularly around blood vessels,<ref name=Wheaters /> as well as in the oral mucosa, [[foreskin]], and [[vagina]].<ref name=pmid7558138 /> They can be found in other tissues, such as lymph nodes, particularly in association with the condition Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH).
== History ==
The Langerhans cell is named after Paul Langerhans, a German physician and anatomist, who discovered the cells at the age of 21 while he was a medical student.<ref>{{REFjournal
| last=Langerhans
| first=Paul
| coauthors=
| title=Ueber die Nerven der menschlichen Haut (English: On the nerves of the human skin)
| journal=Archiv für Pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für Klinische Medicin
| volume=44
| issue=2-3
| pages=325-37
| url=
| quote=
| pubmedID=
| pubmedCID=
| DOI=10.1007/BF01959006
| date=1868
| accessdate=
| language=German
}}</ref> Because of their dendritic nature, he mistakenly identified the cells as part of the nervous system.<ref name="omim-lch">{{OMIM|number=604856|title=Langerhans cell histiocytosis}}</ref>
==Function==
In skin infections, the local Langerhans cells take up and process microbial antigens to become fully functional antigen-presenting cells.
Generally, dendritic cells in biological tissue are active in the capture, uptake and processing of antigens. Once dendritic cells arrive in secondary lymphoid tissue, however, they lose these properties while gaining the capacity to interact with naive T-cells.
Langerhans cells derive from the cellular differentiation of monocytes with the marker "Gr-1" (also known as "Ly-6G/Ly-6C"). This differentiation requires stimulation by colony stimulating factor (CSF)-1.<ref>{{REFjournal
| last=Ginhoux
| first=Florent
| coauthors=Tacke, Frank; Angeli, Veronique; Bogunovic, Milena; Loubeau, Martine; Dai, Xu-Ming; Stanley, E. Richard; Randolph, Gwendalyn J.; Merad, Miriam
| title=Langerhans cells arise from monocytes in vivo
| journal=Nature Immunology
| volume=7
| issue=3
| pages=265-73
| url=
| quote=
| pubmedID=16444257
| pubmedCID=
| DOI=10.1038/ni1307
| date=
| accessdate=
}}</ref> They are similar in morphology and function to macrophages.
Langerin is a protein found in Langerhans cells,<ref name="pmid14610287">{{REFjournal
| last=Valladeau
| first=Jenny
| coauthors=Dezutter-Dambuyant, Colette; Saeland, Sem
| title=Langerin/CD207 Sheds Light on Formation of Birbeck Granules and Their Possible Function in Langerhans Cells
| journal=Immunologic Research
| volume=28
| issue=2
| pages=93-107
| url=
| quote=
| pubmedID=14610287
| pubmedCID=
| DOI=10.1385/IR:28:2:93
| date=2003
| accessdate=
}}</ref> and other types of dendritic cells.<ref name="pmid18086861">{{REFjournal
| last=Poulin
| first=Lionel Franz
| coauthors=Henri, Sandrine; de Bovis, Béatrice; Devilard, Elisabeth; Kissenpfennig, Adrien; Malissen, Bernard
| title=The dermis contains langerin+ dendritic cells that develop and function independently of epidermal Langerhans cells
| journal=Journal of Experimental Medicine
| volume=204
| issue=13
| pages=3119-31
| url=
| quote=
| pubmedID=18086861
| pubmedCID=2150992
| DOI=10.1084/jem.20071724
| date=2007
| accessdate=
}}</ref>
== Clinical significance ==
=== LCH ===
In the rare disease Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), an excess of these cells is produced. This can cause damage to skin, bone and other organs.
=== HIV ===
Langerhans cells have been indicted as initial cellular targets in the sexual transmission of HIV,<ref>{{REFjournal
| last=Kawamura
| first=Tatsuyoshi
| coauthors=Kurtz, Stephen E.; Blauvelt, Andrew; Shimada, Shinji
| title=The role of Langerhans cells in the sexual transmission of HIV
| journal=Journal of Dermatological Science
| volume=40
| issue=3
| pages=147-55
| url=
| quote=
| pubmedID=16226431
| pubmedCID=
| DOI=10.1016/j.jdermsci.2005.08.009
| date=
| accessdate=
}}</ref> and as a target, reservoir, and vector of dissemination.<ref>{{REFjournal
| last=Dezutter-Dambuyant
| first=C
| coauthors=Charbonnier AS, Schmitt D
| title=Cellules dendritiques épithéliales et infection par HIV-1 in vivo et in vitro (English: Epithelial dendritic cells and HIV-1 infection in vivo and in vitro)
| journal=Pathologie Biologie
| volume=43
| issue=10
| pages=882-8
| url=
| quote=
| pubmedID=8786894
| pubmedCID=
| DOI=
| date=December 1995
| accessdate=
|language=French
}}</ref>
Langerhans cells have been observed in foreskin, vaginal, and oral mucosa of humans; the lower concentrations in oral mucosa suggest that it is not a likely source of [[HIV]] infection relative to foreskin and vaginal mucosa.<ref name="pmid7558138">{{REFjournal
| last=Hussain
| first=LA
| coauthors=Lehner T
| title=Comparative investigation of Langerhans' cells and potential receptors for HIV in oral, genitourinary and rectal epithelia
| journal=Immunology
| volume=85
| issue=3
| pages=475-84
| url=
| quote=
| pubmedID=7558138
| pubmedCID=1383923
| DOI=
| date=1995
| accessdate=
}}</ref>
On March 4, 2007 the online Nature Medicine magazine published the letter "Langerin is a natural barrier to HIV-1 transmission by Langerhans cells."<ref>{{REFjournal
| last=De Witte
| first=Lot
| coauthors=Nabatov, Alexey; Pion, Marjorie; Fluitsma, Donna; De Jong, Marein A W P; De Gruijl, Tanja; Piguet, Vincent; Van Kooyk, Yvette; Geijtenbeek, Teunis B H
| title=Langerin is a natural barrier to HIV-1 transmission by Langerhans cells
| journal=Nature Medicine
| volume=13
| issue=3
| pages=367-71
| url=
| quote=
| pubmedID=17334373
| pubmedCID=
| DOI=10.1038/nm1541
| date=2007
| accessdate=
}}</ref> One of the authors of the study, Teunis Geijtenbeek, said that "Langerin is able to scavenge viruses from the surrounding environment, thereby preventing infection" and "since generally all tissues on the outside of our bodies have Langerhans cells, we think that the human body is equipped with an antiviral defense mechanism, destroying incoming viruses."<ref>{{REFnews
| last=Mundell
| first=E. J.
| coauthors=
| url=http://health.msn.com/health-topics/articlepage.aspx?cp-documentid=100157237
| title=Scientists Discover 'Natural Barrier' to HIV
| publisher=MSN
| work=HealthDay
| quote=
| date==March 5, 2007
| accessdate=June 27, 2012
}}</ref>
{{REF}}
[[Category:Immunology]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Sexually Transmitted Disease]]
[[Category:Penile anatomy]]
[[Category:Foreskin anatomy]]
[[Category:From IntactWiki]]