Changes

Purpura ''et al.''. (2018) describe the foreskin as follows:<blockquote>{{Citation" |Text=Few parts of the human anatomy can compare to the incredibly multifaceted nature of the human foreskin. At times dismissed as “just skin,” the adult foreskin is, in fact, a highly vascularized and densely innervated bilayer tissue, with a surface area of up to 90 cm, and potentially larger. On average, the foreskin accounts for 51% of the total length of the penile shaft skin and serves a multitude of functions. The tissue is highly dynamic and biomechanically functions like a roller bearing; during intercourse, the foreskin “unfolds” and glides as abrasive friction is reduced and lubricating fluids are retained. The sensitive foreskin is considered to be the primary erogenous zone of the male [[penis]] and is divided into four subsections: inner mucosa, ridged band, frenulum, and outer foreskin; each section contributes to a vast spectrum of sensory pleasure through the gliding action of the foreskin, which mechanically stretches and stimulates the densely packed corpuscular receptors. Specialized immunological properties should be noted by the presence of Langerhans cells and other lytic materials, which defend against common microbes, and there is robust evidence supporting HIV protection. The [[glans penis| glans]] and inner mucosa are physically protected against external irritation and contaminants while maintaining a healthy, moist surface. The foreskin is also immensely vascularized and acts as a conduit for essential blood vessels within the penis, such as supplying the glans via the frenular artery." |Author=Purpura ''et al.'' |ref=<ref>{{REFjournal

}}</ref></blockquote>}}

|author-link=John R. Taylor

The foreskin provides physical protection to the glans penis and inner mucosa, protecting the mucosal tissue from pathogens, pollutants, friction, injury, and drying out.. The foreskin protects the glans penis and meatus from abrasion and irritation from ammoniacal diapers.<ref name="gairdner1949">{{REFjournal

Fleiss ''et al.''. noted the presence of Langerhans cells in the prepuce.<ref name="fleiss-hodges-vanhowe1998"/> De Witte ''et al''. (2007) have discovered that Langerhans cells produce Langerin, which is a "natural barrier to HIV infection".<ref>{{REFjournal

Taylor ''et al.''. (1996) carried out a histological study of the foreskin. (Histology is the microscopic examination of cells and tissues.) Taylor et al. found an area of rete ridges just inside the tip of the foreskin that he called the [[ridged band]]. The ridges were found to have nerve endings at the top of the ridges. They report that the ridged band area moves to the shaft of the penis when the penis becomes erect where the nerves are subject to stimulation. They stated:

Sorrells ''et al.''. (2007) conducted a fine-touch study of the penis of both circumcised and intact men. Sorrells ''et al''. concluded:

|last=SorrelsSorrells |first=MLM.L.

|first2=JLJ.L.

|first3=MDM.D.

|first4=C.

|first5=MFM.F. |author5-link=Marilyn Fayre Milos

|first6=nN.

|first7=RSR.S.