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'''Hypospadias''' is an absolute contraindication for neonatal [[circumcision]] until a paediatric surgeon evaluates the case.
{{WikipediaQuote|URL=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypospadias}}
{{WikipediaQuote|URL=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypospadias}}


'''Hypospadias''' is a common variation in fetal development of the [[penis]] in which the [[urethra]] does not open from its usual location in the head of the penis. It is the second-most common birth abnormality of the male reproductive system, affecting about one of every 250 males at birth.<ref name="Snodgrass">{{REFbook
'''Hypospadias''' is a common variation in fetal development of the [[penis]] in which the [[urethra]] does not open from its usual location in the head of the [[penis]]. It is the second-most common birth abnormality of the male reproductive system, affecting about one of every 250 males at birth.<ref name="Snodgrass">{{REFbook
  |last=Snodgrass
  |last=Snodgrass
  |first=Warren
  |first=Warren
  |editor=Allan Wein, Meredith F Campbell, Patrick C Walsh
  |init=W
|editors=Allan Wein, Meredith F Campbell, Patrick C Walsh
  |edition=10
  |edition=10
  |title=Campbell-Walsh Urology
  |title=Campbell-Walsh Urology
Line 12: Line 15:
  |chapter=130: Hypospadias
  |chapter=130: Hypospadias
  |isbn=978-1-4160-6911-9
  |isbn=978-1-4160-6911-9
}}</ref> Roughly 90% of cases are the less serious distal hypospadias, in which the urethral opening (the [[Urinary meatus|meatus]]) is on or near the head of the [[Glans penis|penis glans]]. The remainder have proximal hypospadias, in which the meatus is all the way back on the shaft of the penis, near or within the [[scrotum]]. Shiny tissue that should have made the urethra extends from the meatus to the tip of the glans; this tissue is called the [[urethral plate]].
}}</ref> Roughly 90% of cases are the less serious distal hypospadias, in which the [[urethra]]l opening (the [[Urinary meatus|meatus]]) is on or near the head of the [[Glans penis|penis glans]]. The remainder have proximal hypospadias, in which the meatus is all the way back on the shaft of the [[penis]], near or within the [[scrotum]]. Shiny tissue that should have made the [[urethra]] extends from the meatus to the tip of the glans; this tissue is called the [[urethral plate]].
 
The prevalance of hypospadias is highest in North America and lowest in Asia.<ref name="vanderhorst2017>{{REFjournal
|last=van der Horst
|init=HJ
|author-link=
|last2=de Wall
|init2=LL
|author2-link=
|etal=no
|title=Hypospadias, all there is to know
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=Eur J Pediatr
|location=
|date=2017-04
|volume=176
|issue=4
|pages=435-441
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5352742/
|quote=
|pubmedID=28190103
|pubmedCID=5352742
|DOI=10.1007/s00431-017-2864-5
|accessdate=2019-10-23
}}</ref>
 
The [[foreskin]] frequently does not develop normally. The ventral portion of the foreskin may not develop so the foreskin takes the form of a dorsal flap.<ref name="vanderhorst2017 />
 
==Surgical repair==
 
Each case must be evaluated to determine how best to proceed. Mild cases may not require repair.<ref name="winship-rushton2017>{{REFjournal
|last=Winship
|first=Brenton B.
|init=BB
|author-link=
|last2=Ruston
|first2=H. Gil
|init2=HG
|author2-link=
|last3=Pohl
|first3=Hans G.
|init3=HG
|author3-link=
|etal=yes
|title=In pursuit of the perfect penis: Hypospadias repair outcomes
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=J Pediatr Urol
|location=
|date=2017-06
|volume=13
|issue=3
|pages=285-288
|url=https://www.jpurol.com/article/S1477-5131(17)30103-1/fulltext
|quote=
|pubmedID=28351650
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1016/j.jpurol.2017.01.023
|accessdate=2019-10-23
}}</ref>
 
If surgical repair is to be undertaken, then van der Horst & de Wall (2017) recommend that surgical repair be carried out after four months of age and prior to eighteen months of age.<ref name="vanderhorst2017 />


{{SEEALSO}}
{{SEEALSO}}
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* [[Hypospadias repair video]]
* [[Hypospadias repair video]]
* [[Hypospadias surgery - Snodgrass technique]]
* [[Hypospadias surgery - Snodgrass technique]]
{{LINKS}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://www.yourwholebaby.org/so-your-son-has-hypospadias
|title=So Your Son has Hypospadias
|last=Black
|first=Larissa
|publisher=[[Your Whole Baby]]
|accessdate=2019-10-22
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=http://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions-and-treatments/conditions/h/hypospadias
|title=Hypospadias
|last=
|first=
|author-link=
|publisher=Boston Children's Hospital
|website=
|date=
|accessdate=2019-10-21
|format=
|quote=
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://www.urologyhealth.org/urologic-conditions/hypospadias
|title=What is Hypospadias
|trans-title=
|language=
|last=
|first=
|author-link=
|publisher=Urology Care Foundation
|website=https://www.urologyhealth.org/
|date=
|accessdate=2019-10-23
|format=
|quote=
}}


{{REF}}
{{REF}}


[[Category:Genital surgery]]
[[Category:Genital surgery]]
[[Category:Penile disorders]]
[[Category:Penile disorder]]
[[Category:Literature]]
 
[[de:Hypospadie]]
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