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{{Construction Site}}'''{{FULLPAGENAME}}''' accounts for the great majority of all circumcisions in the world. The incidence of male [[circumcision ]] reaches nearly 100 percent in the swath of Islamic nations that stretch from Nigeria in the west to Indonesia in the east. <br> <br><center>[[Image:WHO global circumcision rates.jpg |thumbnail|center|500px| Global circumcision rates, according to the WHO.]]</center>
→Religious requirement: Wikify.
==Religious requirement==Though absent in the KoranQur'an, male [[circumcision]] is considered a religious requirement in [[Islam]], and it is performed on male children of varying agesprior to [[puberty]]. Converts to these faiths this faith may also choose to undergo [[adult circumcision]], but it is not always required.
Hossein Dabbagh (2022) questions the religious requirement for [[circumcision]] (''khitan'') in [[Islam]].<ref name="dabbagh2022">{{REFjournal
|last=Dabbagh
|first=
|init=H
|author-link=
|etal=no
|title=Is Circumcision “Necessary” in Islam? A Philosophical Argument Based on Peer Disagreement
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=J Relig Health
|location=
|date=2022-08-24
|volume=61
|issue=6
|pages=4871-86
|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10943-022-01635-0
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=36006531
|pubmedCID=9569283
|DOI=10.1007/s10943-022-01635-0
|accessdate=2025-07-18
}}</ref>
==Psychological issues==
Cansever (1965) administered psychological tests to twelve 5-to-7-year-old Turkish boys before and after [[Islam| Islamic]] circumcision and reported the results in her landmark paper, which was published in the ''British Journal of Medical Psychology'' in December 1965.<ref name="cansever1965">{{REFjournal
|last=Cansever
|first=Gocke
|init=G
|author-link=Gocke Cansever
|etal=no
|title=Psychological effects of circumcision
|journal= Brit J Med Psychol
|location=
|date=1965-12
|volume=38
|issue=4
|pages=321-31
|url=https://www.cirp.org/library/psych/cansever/
|quote=
|pubmedID=5322308
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1111/j.2044-8341.1965.tb01314.x
|accessdate=2023-10-01
}}</ref>
Prescott (1975) argued that a decrease in sexual pleasure causes an increases in violence:
<blockquote>
If we strive to increase the pleasure in our lives this will also affect the ways we express aggression and hostility. The reciprocal relationship between pleasure and violence is such that one inhibits the other; when physical pleasure is high, physical violence is low. When violence is high, pleasure is low. This basic premise of the somatosensory pleasure deprivation theory provides us with the tools necessary to fashion a world of peaceful, affectionate, cooperative individuals.<ref name="prescott1975">{{REFjournal
|last=Prescott
|init=JW
|author-link=James W. Prescott
|url=http://www.violence.de/prescott/bulletin/article.html
|title=Body Pleasure and the Origins of Violence
|journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
|date=1975-11
|volume=
|issue=
|pages=10-20
|accessdate=2025-04-27
}}</ref>
</blockquote>
De Mause (1996) argued that early [[trauma]] results in aggressive adult behavior.<ref name="demause1996">{{REFjournal
|last=De Mause
|first=Lloyd
|init=
|author-link=
|etal=no
|title=Restaging Fetal Traumas in War and Social Violence
|journal=Pre- and Perinatal Psychology Journal
|location=
|date=1996
|volume=23
|issue=4
|pages=344-92
|url=http://www.mattes.de/buecher/praenatale_psychologie/PP_PDF/PP_08_2_deMause.pdf
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=11609155
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|accessdate=2025-04-27
}}</ref>
It is not clear whether the prevalence of Islamic and [[ritual circumcision]] causes a high level of violence in the Middle East.
==The harm of circumcision==
Male circumcision is harmful because it excises healthy tissue and permanently destroys beneficial, protective, immunological, sexual, and sensory physiological functions. Male circumcision also causes [[Psychological issues of male circumcision| psychological problems]] that tend to perpetuate the cycle of abuse. Male circumcision is a costly diversion of medical resources away from beneficial services. Male circumcision violates legal rights, [[human rights]], and ethical standards. Finally, we must remember that males are the more vulnerable and sensitive of the two genders and, therefore, deserve the greater degree of protection from traumatic, invasive, injurious,and unnecessary surgery. For all of these reasons the non-therapeutic circumcision of boys should not be performed and the [[genital integrity]] of all children should be respected and protected.<ref name="hill2007">{{REFjournal
|last=Hill
|first=George
|init=G
|author-link=George Hill
|title=The case against circumcision
|journal=Journal of Men's Health and Gender
|date=2007
|volume=4
|issue=3
|pages=318-23
|url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=04ace5046cc27f01b8fbe4aa359c059778983912
|quote=
|pubmedID=
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|format=PDF
|accessdate=2025-04-22
}}</ref>
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Circumcision]]
* [[Circumcision and violence]]
* [[Religion and culture]]
* [[Surrogate_consent]]
{{REF}}
[[Category:Circumcision]]
[[Category:Islam]]
[[Category:Muslim]]
[[Category:Psychology]]