Difference between revisions of "Clitoris and the penis - differentiation"

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{{WikipediaQuote |URL=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitoris#Homology |title=Clitoris: Homology}}
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<blockquote>
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The [[clitoris]] and [[penis]] are generally the same anatomical structure, although the distal portion (or opening) of the [[urethra]] is absent in the [[clitoris]] of humans and most other animals. The idea that males have [[clitoris]]es was suggested in 1987 by researcher Josephine Lowndes Sevely, who theorized that the male corpora cavernosa (a pair of sponge-like regions of erectile tissue which contain most of the blood in the [[penis]] during penile [[erection]]) are the true counterpart of the [[clitoris]]. She argued that "the male [[clitoris]]" is directly beneath the rim of the [[glans penis]], where the frenulum of prepuce of the penis (a fold of the prepuce) is located, and proposed that this area be called the "Lownde's crown." Her theory and proposal, though acknowledged in anatomical literature, did not materialize in anatomy books.<ref>{{REFbook
 +
|last=Frayser
 +
|first=Suzanne G.
 +
|init=SG
 +
|last2=Whitby
 +
|first2=Thomas J.
 +
|init2=TJ
 +
|year=1995
 +
|title=Studies in Human Sexuality: A Selected Guide
 +
|publisher=Libraries Unlimited
 +
|ISBN=978-1-56308-131-6
 +
|pages=198–199
 +
}}</ref><ref>{{REFbook
 +
|last=Drenth
 +
|first=Jelto
 +
|init=J
 +
|year=2005
 +
|title=The Origin of the World: Science and Fiction of the Vagina
 +
|publisher=Reaktion Books
 +
|ISBN=978-1861892102
 +
|pages=25–6
 +
}}</ref> Modern anatomical texts instead show that the [[clitoris]] displays a [[Clitoral hood| hood]] that is the equivalent of the [[penis]]'s [[foreskin]], which covers the [[glans]], and a shaft that is attached to the glans; the male corpora cavernosa are homologous to the corpus cavernosum clitoridis (the female cavernosa); the corpus spongiosum is homologous to the vestibular bulbs beneath the [[labia minora]], and the scrotum is homologous to the [[labia minora]] and [[labia majora]].<ref name="Chapple Steers 2010">{{REFbook
 +
|last=Chapple
 +
|init=CR
 +
|last2=Steers
 +
|first2=William D.
 +
|init2=WD
 +
|year=2010
 +
|title=Practical Urology: Essential Principles and Practice
 +
|publisher=Springer
 +
|ISBN=978-1-84882-033-3
 +
|page=67
 +
}}</ref><ref name="Schuenke etal 2010">{{REFbook
 +
|last=Schuenke
 +
|first=Michael
 +
|init=M
 +
|last2=Schulte
 +
|first2=Erik
 +
|init2=E
 +
|last3=Schumacher
 +
|first3=Udo
 +
|init3=U
 +
|year=2010
 +
|title=General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System
 +
|publisher=Thieme Medical Publishers
 +
|ISBN=978-1-60406-287-8
 +
|pages=200–5
 +
}}</ref><ref name="Saladin 2010">{{REFbook
 +
|last=Saladin
 +
|first=Kenneth S.
 +
|init=KS
 +
|year=2010
 +
|title=Human anatomy
 +
|publisher=McGraw-Hill Higher Education
 +
|ISBN=978-0-07-298636-5
 +
|page=738
 +
}}</ref>
  
−
{{Citation needed}}
+
Upon anatomical study, the [[penis]] can be described as a [[clitoris]] that has been mostly pulled out of the body and grafted on top of a significantly smaller piece of spongiosum containing the [[urethra]].<ref name="Chapple Steers 2010"/><ref name="Schuenke etal 2010"/><ref name="Saladin 2010"/> With regard to nerve endings, the human [[clitoris]]'s estimated 8,000 or more (for its glans or clitoral body as a whole) is commonly cited as being twice as many as the nerve endings found in the human penis (for its glans or body as a whole), and as more than any other part of the human body.<ref name="Carroll 2012">{{REFbook
−
The [[clitoris]] and penis are generally the same anatomical structure, although the distal portion (or opening) of the [[urethra]] is absent in the [[clitoris]] of humans and most other animals. The idea that males have [[clitoris]]es was suggested in 1987 by researcher Josephine Lowndes Sevely, who theorized that the male corpora cavernosa (a pair of sponge-like regions of erectile tissue which contain most of the blood in the penis during penile erection) are the true counterpart of the [[clitoris]]. She argued that "the male [[clitoris]]" is directly beneath the rim of the glans penis, where the frenulum of prepuce of the penis (a fold of the prepuce) is located, and proposed that this area be called the "Lownde's crown." Her theory and proposal, though acknowledged in anatomical literature, did not materialize in anatomy books.[36] Modern anatomical texts instead show that the [[clitoris]] displays a hood that is the equivalent of the penis's foreskin, which covers the glans, and a shaft that is attached to the glans; the male corpora cavernosa are homologous to the corpus cavernosum clitoridis (the female cavernosa); the corpus spongiosum is homologous to the vestibular bulbs beneath the [[labia minora]], and the scrotum is homologous to the [[labia minora]] and [[labia majora]].[37]
+
|last=Carroll
 +
|first=Janell L.
 +
|init=JL
 +
|year=2012
 +
|title=Sexuality Now: Embracing Diversity
 +
|publisher=Cengage Learning
 +
|ISBN=978-1-111-83581-1
 +
|pages=110–111, 252
 +
}}</ref><ref name="Di Marino 2014">{{REFbook
 +
|last=Di Marino
 +
|first=Vincent
 +
|init=V
 +
|year=2014
 +
|title=Anatomic Study of the Clitoris and the Bulbo-Clitoral Organ
 +
|publisher=Springer
 +
|ISBN=978-3319048949
 +
|page=81
 +
}}</ref> These reports sometimes conflict with other sources on clitoral anatomy or those concerning the nerve endings in the human [[penis]]. For example, while some sources estimate that the human [[penis]] has 4,000 nerve endings,<ref name="Carroll 2012"/><ref name="Di Marino 2014"/> other sources state that the [[glans]] or the entire penile structure have the same amount of nerve endings as the [[clitoral glans]],<ref>{{REFbook
 +
|last=Crooks
 +
|first=Robert
 +
|init=R
 +
|last2=Baur
 +
|first2=Karla
 +
|init2=K
 +
|year=2010
 +
|title=Our Sexuality
 +
|publisher=Cengage Learning
 +
|ISBN=978-0-495-81294-4
 +
|page=54
 +
}}</ref> or discuss whether the [[uncircumcised]] penis has thousands more than the [[circumcised]] penis or is generally more sensitive.<ref>{{REFweb
 +
|title=Circumcision: Position Paper on Neonatal Circumcision
 +
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109082117/http://www.aafp.org/patient-care/clinical-recommendations/all/circumcision.html
 +
|archived=yes
 +
|last=American Academy of Family Physicians
 +
|author-link=AAFP
 +
|date=2007
 +
}}</ref><ref>{{REFbook
 +
|last=Emmanuele
 +
|first=Jannini
 +
|init=J
 +
|last2=McMahon
 +
|first2=Chris G.
 +
|init2=CG
 +
|last3=Waldinger
 +
|first3=Marcel D.
 +
|init3=MD
 +
|year=2012
 +
|title=Premature Ejaculation: From Etiology to Diagnosis and Treatment
 +
|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media
 +
|ISBN=978-8847026469
 +
|page=169
 +
}}</ref>
  
−
Upon anatomical study, the penis can be described as a [[clitoris]] that has been mostly pulled out of the body and grafted on top of a significantly smaller piece of spongiosum containing the [[urethra]].[37] With regard to nerve endings, the human [[clitoris]]'s estimated 8,000 or more (for its glans or clitoral body as a whole) is commonly cited as being twice as many as the nerve endings found in the human penis (for its glans or body as a whole), and as more than any other part of the human body.[3] These reports sometimes conflict with other sources on clitoral anatomy or those concerning the nerve endings in the human penis. For example, while some sources estimate that the human penis has 4,000 nerve endings,[3] other sources state that the glans or the entire penile structure have the same amount of nerve endings as the clitoral glans,[38] or discuss whether the [[uncircumcised]] penis has thousands more than the circumcised penis or is generally more sensitive.[39][40]
+
Some sources state that in contrast to the [[glans penis]], the [[clitoral glans]] lacks smooth muscle within its fibrovascular cap and is thus differentiated from the erectile tissues of the [[clitoris]] and bulbs; additionally, bulb size varies and may be dependent on age and estrogenization.<ref name="Ginger Yang 2011">{{REFbook
 +
|last=Ginger
 +
|init=VAT
 +
|last2=Yang
 +
|init2=CC
 +
|year=2011
 +
|chapter=2: Functional Anatomy of the Female Sex Organs
 +
|editors=Mulhall, John P.; Incrocci, Luca; Goldstein, Irwin; Rosen, Ray
 +
|title=Cancer and Sexual Health
 +
|publisher=Springer Publishing
 +
|ISBN=978-1-60761-915-4
 +
|pages=13–22
 +
}}</ref> Though the bulbs are considered the equivalent of the male spongiosum, they do not completely encircle the [[urethra]].<ref name="Ginger Yang 2011"/>
  
−
Some sources state that in contrast to the glans penis, the clitoral glans lacks smooth muscle within its fibrovascular cap and is thus differentiated from the erectile tissues of the [[clitoris]] and bulbs; additionally, bulb size varies and may be dependent on age and estrogenization.[24] Though the bulbs are considered the equivalent of the male spongiosum, they do not completely encircle the [[urethra]].[24]
+
The thin corpus spongiosum of the [[penis]] runs along the underside of the penile shaft, enveloping the [[urethra]], and expands at the end to form the [[glans]]. It partially contributes to [[erection]], which are primarily caused by the two corpora cavernosa that comprise the bulk of the shaft; like the female cavernosa, the male cavernosa soak up blood and become erect when sexually excited.<ref name="Libertino 1998">{{REFbook
 +
|last=Libertino
 +
|first=John A.
 +
|init=JA
 +
|year=1998
 +
|title=Reconstructive urologic surgery
 +
|publisher=Mosby
 +
|ISBN=978-0-8016-7802-8
 +
|page=539
 +
}}</ref><ref name="Morganstern Abrahams 1998">{{REFbook
 +
|last=Morganstern
 +
|first=Steven
 +
|init=S
 +
|last2=Abrahams
 +
|first2=Allen
 +
|init2=A
 +
|year=1998
 +
|title=The Prostate Sourcebook
 +
|publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional
 +
|ISBN=978-1-56565-871-4
 +
|page=117
 +
}}</ref><ref name="Saladin 2010"/> The male corpora cavernosa taper off internally on reaching the spongiosum head.<ref name="Libertino 1998"/><ref name="Morganstern Abrahams 1998"/> With regard to the Y-shape of the cavernosa – crown, body, and legs – the body accounts for much more of the structure in men, and the legs are stubbier; typically, the cavernosa are longer and thicker in males than in females.<ref>{{REFjournal
 +
|last=Yang
 +
|first=Claire C.
 +
|init=CC
 +
|last2=Cold
 +
|first2=Christopher J.
 +
|init2=CJ
 +
|last3=Yilmaz
 +
|first3=Ugur
 +
|init3=U
 +
|last4=Maravilla
 +
|first4=Kenneth R.
 +
|init4=KR
 +
|date=2006-04
 +
|title=Sexually responsive vascular tissue of the vulva
 +
|journal=BJUI
 +
|volume=97
 +
|issue=4
 +
|pages=766–72
 +
|DOI=10.1111/j.1464-410X.2005.05961.x
 +
|pubmedID=16536770
 +
}}</ref><ref name="Saladin 2010">{{REFbook
 +
|last=Saladin
 +
|first=Kenneth S.
 +
|init=KS
 +
|year=2010
 +
|title=Human anatomy
 +
|publisher=McGraw-Hill Higher Education
 +
|ISBN=978-0-07-298636-5
 +
|page=738
 +
}}</ref>
 +
</blockquote>
  
−
The thin corpus spongiosum of the penis runs along the underside of the penile shaft, enveloping the [[urethra]], and expands at the end to form the glans. It partially contributes to erection, which are primarily caused by the two corpora cavernosa that comprise the bulk of the shaft; like the female cavernosa, the male cavernosa soak up blood and become erect when sexually excited.[41] The male corpora cavernosa taper off internally on reaching the spongiosum head.[41] With regard to the Y-shape of the cavernosa – crown, body, and legs – the body accounts for much more of the structure in men, and the legs are stubbier; typically, the cavernosa are longer and thicker in males than in females.
+
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[[Category:Film]]
 
[[Category:Film]]
 
[[Category:Video about anatomy of the genitalia]]
 
[[Category:Video about anatomy of the genitalia]]
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[[Category:Female sexuality]]
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[[Category:Male sexuality]]
 
[[Category:From IntactWiki]]
 
[[Category:From IntactWiki]]

Latest revision as of 15:47, 18 December 2023


(The following text or part of it is quoted from the free Wikipedia article Clitoris: Homology:)

The clitoris and penis are generally the same anatomical structure, although the distal portion (or opening) of the urethra is absent in the clitoris of humans and most other animals. The idea that males have clitorises was suggested in 1987 by researcher Josephine Lowndes Sevely, who theorized that the male corpora cavernosa (a pair of sponge-like regions of erectile tissue which contain most of the blood in the penis during penile erection) are the true counterpart of the clitoris. She argued that "the male clitoris" is directly beneath the rim of the glans penis, where the frenulum of prepuce of the penis (a fold of the prepuce) is located, and proposed that this area be called the "Lownde's crown." Her theory and proposal, though acknowledged in anatomical literature, did not materialize in anatomy books.[1][2] Modern anatomical texts instead show that the clitoris displays a hood that is the equivalent of the penis's foreskin, which covers the glans, and a shaft that is attached to the glans; the male corpora cavernosa are homologous to the corpus cavernosum clitoridis (the female cavernosa); the corpus spongiosum is homologous to the vestibular bulbs beneath the labia minora, and the scrotum is homologous to the labia minora and labia majora.[3][4][5]

Upon anatomical study, the penis can be described as a clitoris that has been mostly pulled out of the body and grafted on top of a significantly smaller piece of spongiosum containing the urethra.[3][4][5] With regard to nerve endings, the human clitoris's estimated 8,000 or more (for its glans or clitoral body as a whole) is commonly cited as being twice as many as the nerve endings found in the human penis (for its glans or body as a whole), and as more than any other part of the human body.[6][7] These reports sometimes conflict with other sources on clitoral anatomy or those concerning the nerve endings in the human penis. For example, while some sources estimate that the human penis has 4,000 nerve endings,[6][7] other sources state that the glans or the entire penile structure have the same amount of nerve endings as the clitoral glans,[8] or discuss whether the uncircumcised penis has thousands more than the circumcised penis or is generally more sensitive.[9][10]

Some sources state that in contrast to the glans penis, the clitoral glans lacks smooth muscle within its fibrovascular cap and is thus differentiated from the erectile tissues of the clitoris and bulbs; additionally, bulb size varies and may be dependent on age and estrogenization.[11] Though the bulbs are considered the equivalent of the male spongiosum, they do not completely encircle the urethra.[11]

The thin corpus spongiosum of the penis runs along the underside of the penile shaft, enveloping the urethra, and expands at the end to form the glans. It partially contributes to erection, which are primarily caused by the two corpora cavernosa that comprise the bulk of the shaft; like the female cavernosa, the male cavernosa soak up blood and become erect when sexually excited.[12][13][5] The male corpora cavernosa taper off internally on reaching the spongiosum head.[12][13] With regard to the Y-shape of the cavernosa – crown, body, and legs – the body accounts for much more of the structure in men, and the legs are stubbier; typically, the cavernosa are longer and thicker in males than in females.[14][5]

References

  1. ↑ REFbook Frayser SG, Whitby TJ (1995): Studies in Human Sexuality: A Selected Guide. Libraries Unlimited. Pp. 198–199. ISBN 978-1-56308-131-6.
  2. ↑ REFbook Drenth J (2005): The Origin of the World: Science and Fiction of the Vagina. Reaktion Books. Pp. 25–6. ISBN 978-1861892102.
  3. ↑ a b REFbook Chapple CR, Steers WD (2010): Practical Urology: Essential Principles and Practice. Springer. P. 67. ISBN 978-1-84882-033-3.
  4. ↑ a b REFbook Schuenke M, Schulte E, Schumacher U (2010): General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System. Thieme Medical Publishers. Pp. 200–5. ISBN 978-1-60406-287-8.
  5. ↑ a b c d REFbook Saladin KS (2010): Human anatomy. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. P. 738. ISBN 978-0-07-298636-5.
  6. ↑ a b REFbook Carroll JL (2012): Sexuality Now: Embracing Diversity. Cengage Learning. Pp. 110–111, 252. ISBN 978-1-111-83581-1.
  7. ↑ a b REFbook Di Marino V (2014): Anatomic Study of the Clitoris and the Bulbo-Clitoral Organ. Springer. P. 81. ISBN 978-3319048949.
  8. ↑ REFbook Crooks R, Baur K (2010): Our Sexuality. Cengage Learning. P. 54. ISBN 978-0-495-81294-4.
  9. ↑ REFweb American Academy of Family Physicians (2007). Circumcision: Position Paper on Neonatal Circumcision (archive URL).
  10. ↑ REFbook Emmanuele J, McMahon CG, Waldinger MD (2012): Premature Ejaculation: From Etiology to Diagnosis and Treatment. Springer Science & Business Media. P. 169. ISBN 978-8847026469.
  11. ↑ a b REFbook Ginger VAT, Yang CC (2011): 2: Functional Anatomy of the Female Sex Organs, in: Cancer and Sexual Health. Mulhall, John P.; Incrocci, Luca; Goldstein, Irwin; Rosen, Ray (eds.). Springer Publishing. Pp. 13–22. ISBN 978-1-60761-915-4.
  12. ↑ a b REFbook Libertino JA (1998): Reconstructive urologic surgery. Mosby. P. 539. ISBN 978-0-8016-7802-8.
  13. ↑ a b REFbook Morganstern S, Abrahams A (1998): The Prostate Sourcebook. McGraw-Hill Professional. P. 117. ISBN 978-1-56565-871-4.
  14. ↑ REFjournal Yang CC, Cold CJ, Yilmaz U, Maravilla KR. Sexually responsive vascular tissue of the vulva. BJUI. April 2006; 97(4): 766–72. PMID. DOI.
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