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==Population-based studies==
{{PUB}}
 
* {{REFjournal
September 2021 saw the publication of two huge population studies on the relationship of [[circumcision]] and HIV infection:
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# Mayan et al. (2021) carried out a massive empirical study of the male population of the province of Ontario, [[Canada]] (569,950 males), of whom 203,588 (35.7%) were [[circumcised]] between 1991 and 2017. The study concluded that circumcision status is not related to risk of HIV infection.<ref name="mayan2021">{{REFjournal
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  |last2=Hamilton
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|last6=Tobian
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|author6-link=Aaron Tobian
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  |title=Circumcision and Risk of HIV Among Males From Ontario, Canada
  |title=Trends in Circumcision Among Newborn Males in the US
  |journal=J Urol
|trans-title=
  |date=2021-09-23
  |journal=JAMA Pediatrics
  |url=https://www.auajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1097/JU.0000000000002234
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  |quote=We found that circumcision was not independently associated with the risk of acquiring HIV among men from Ontario, Canada.
  |date=2025-09-15
  |pubmedID=34551593
|article=e252464
  |DOI=10.1097/JU.0000000000002234
  |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2838312
  |accessdate=2021-10-02
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}}</ref>
  |quote=
# [[Morten Frisch]] & Jacob Simonsen (2021) carried out a large scale empirical population study in [[Denmark]] of 855,654 males regarding the alleged value of male circumcision in preventing HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in men. They found that [[circumcised]] men have a higher rate of STI and HIV infection overall than [[intact]] men.<ref name="frisch2021">{{FrischM SimonsenJ 2021}}</ref>
  |pubmedID=40952753
|pubmedCID=12439174
  |DOI=10.1001/jamapediatrics.2025.2464
  |accessdate=2025-09-18
}}
==Circumcision does not prevent HIV infection==
=== Population-based studies ===
{{Population-based studies}}
===Two African surveys===
The previously reported studies were from developed Western nations. Now we have information from Sub_Saharan Africa.


No association between lack of circumcision and risk of HIV infection was found by either study.
French scientist [[Michel Garenne]], Ph.D. has published two reports in 2022 comparing the incidence of HIV infection in [[circumcised]] and [[intact]] men.
 
In his first report, Garenne presented the findings from a study in Lesotho, the enclave in South Africa. He reported:
<blockquote>
In couple studies, the effect of circumcision and VMMC on HIV was not significant, with similar transmission from female to male and male to female. The study questions the amount of effort and money spent on VMMC in Lesotho.<ref name="garenne2022A">{{REFjournal
|last=Garenne
|first=Michel
|init=M
|author-link=Michel Garenne
|title=Changing relationships between HIV prevalence and circumcision in Lesotho
|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35373731/
|date=2022-04-04
|journal=J Biosoc Sci
|volume=online ahead of print
|pages=1-16
|DOI=10.1017/S0021932022000153
|pubmedID=35373731
|accessdate=2022-11-07
}}</ref>
</blockquote>


In his second report, Garenne (2022) presented information from six Sub-Saharan African nations (Eswatini, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe). He reported:
<blockquote>
"Results matched earlier observations made in South Africa that [[circumcised]] and [[intact]] men had similar levels of HIV infection."<ref name="garenne2022B">{{REFjournal
|last=Garenne
|first=Michael
|init=M
|author-link=
|etal=no
|title=Age-incidence and prevalence of HIV among intact and circumcised men: an analysis of PHIA surveys in Southern Africa
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|journal=J Biosoc Sci
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|date=2022-10-26
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|pages=1-13
|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-biosocial-science/article/abs/ageincidence-and-prevalence-of-hiv-among-intact-and-circumcised-men-an-analysis-of-phia-surveys-in-southern-africa/CAA7E7BD5A9844F41C6B7CC3573B9E50
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=36286328
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1017/S0021932022000414
|accessdate=2022-11-07
}}</ref></blockquote>
== Personal life ==
Tobian owes an apology to his son for the [[circumcision]] that was performed for false reasons, and the resulting [[pain]], and [[trauma]] .
{{SEEALSO}}
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Circumcised doctors]]
* [[Circumcised doctors]]
* [[Johns Hopkins]] -- Assistant Professor of Pathology  
* [[Johns Hopkins]] — Assistant Professor of Pathology  
* [[Ronald Gray]] -- Benefactor
* [[Ronald Gray]] — Benefactor
* [[Maria Wawer]] -- Benefactor
* [[Maria Wawer]] — Benefactor
* [[Thomas C. Quinn]] -- Benefactor
* [[Thomas C. Quinn]] — Benefactor
 
* [[United States of America]]
{{ABBR}}
{{ABBR}}
{{REF}}
{{REF}}
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[[Category:Circumcision in Africa]]
[[Category:Circumcision in Africa]]
[[Category:USA]]


[[Category:From CircLeaks]]
[[Category:From CircLeaks]]
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