Difference between revisions of "Islamic circumcision"

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'''{{FULLPAGENAME}}''' accounts for the great majority of all circumcisions in the world. The incidence of male [[circumcision]] reaches nearly 100 percent in the swath of Islamic nations that stretch from Nigeria in the west to Indonesia in the east.
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'''{{FULLPAGENAME}}''' accounts for the great majority of all circumcisions in the world. The incidence of male circumcision reaches nearly 100 percent in the swath of Islamic nations that stretch from Nigeria in the west to Indonesia in the east.  
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<br> <br>
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<center>
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[[Image:WHO global circumcision rates.jpg ‎|thumbnail|center|500px| Global circumcision rates, according to the WHO.]]
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</center>
  
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Though absent in the Koran, male [[circumcision]] is considered a religious requirement in [[Islam]], and it is performed on male children of varying ages. Converts to these faiths may also choose to undergo [[adult circumcision]], but it is not always required.
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==Religious requirement==
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Though absent in the Qur'an, male [[circumcision]] is considered a religious requirement in [[Islam]], and it is performed on male children of varying ages prior to [[puberty]]. Converts to this faith may also choose to undergo [[adult circumcision]], but it is not always required.
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Hossein Dabbagh (2022) questions the religious requirement for [[circumcision]] (''khitan'') in [[Islam]].<ref name="dabbagh2022">{{REFjournal
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|last=Dabbagh
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|first=
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|init=H
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|author-link=
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|etal=no
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|title=Is Circumcision “Necessary” in Islam? A Philosophical Argument Based on Peer Disagreement
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|trans-title=
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|language=
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|journal=J Relig Health
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|location=
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|date=2022-08-24
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|volume=61
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|issue=6
 +
|pages=4871-86
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|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10943-022-01635-0
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|archived=
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|quote=
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|pubmedID=36006531
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|pubmedCID=9569283
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|DOI=10.1007/s10943-022-01635-0
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|accessdate=2025-07-18
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}}</ref>
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==Psychological issues==
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Cansever (1965) administered psychological tests to twelve 5-to-7-year-old Turkish boys before and after [[Islam| Islamic]] circumcision and reported the results in her landmark paper, which was published in the ''British Journal of Medical Psychology'' in December 1965.<ref name="cansever1965">{{REFjournal
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|last=Cansever
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|first=Gocke
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|init=G
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|author-link=Gocke Cansever
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|etal=no
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|title=Psychological effects of circumcision
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|journal= Brit J Med Psychol
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|location=
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|date=1965-12
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|volume=38
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|issue=4
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|pages=321-31
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|url=https://www.cirp.org/library/psych/cansever/
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|quote=
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|pubmedID=5322308
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|pubmedCID=
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|DOI=10.1111/j.2044-8341.1965.tb01314.x
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|accessdate=2023-10-01
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}}</ref>
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Prescott (1975) argued that a decrease in sexual pleasure causes an increases in violence:
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<blockquote>
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If we strive to increase the pleasure in our lives this will also affect the ways we express aggression and hostility. The reciprocal relationship between pleasure and violence is such that one inhibits the other; when physical pleasure is high, physical violence is low. When violence is high, pleasure is low. This basic premise of the somatosensory pleasure deprivation theory provides us with the tools necessary to fashion a world of peaceful, affectionate, cooperative individuals.<ref name="prescott1975">{{REFjournal
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|last=Prescott
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|init=JW
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|author-link=James W. Prescott
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|url=http://www.violence.de/prescott/bulletin/article.html
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|title=Body Pleasure and the Origins of Violence
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|journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
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|date=1975-11
 +
|volume=
 +
|issue=
 +
|pages=10-20
 +
|accessdate=2025-04-27
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}}</ref> 
 +
</blockquote>
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De Mause (1996) argued that early [[trauma]] results in aggressive adult behavior.<ref name="demause1996">{{REFjournal
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|last=De Mause
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|first=Lloyd
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|init=
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|author-link=
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|etal=no
 +
|title=Restaging Fetal Traumas in War and Social Violence
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|journal=Pre- and Perinatal Psychology Journal
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|location=
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|date=1996
 +
|volume=23
 +
|issue=4
 +
|pages=344-92
 +
|url=http://www.mattes.de/buecher/praenatale_psychologie/PP_PDF/PP_08_2_deMause.pdf
 +
|archived=
 +
|quote=
 +
|pubmedID=11609155
 +
|pubmedCID=
 +
|DOI=
 +
|accessdate=2025-04-27
 +
}}</ref>
 +
 
 +
It is not clear whether the prevalence of Islamic and [[ritual circumcision]] causes a high level of violence in the Middle East.
 +
 
 +
==The harm of circumcision==
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Male circumcision is harmful because it excises healthy tissue and permanently destroys beneficial, protective, immunological, sexual, and sensory physiological functions. Male circumcision also causes [[Psychological issues of male circumcision| psychological problems]] that tend to perpetuate the cycle of abuse. Male circumcision is a costly diversion of medical resources away from beneficial services. Male circumcision violates legal rights, [[human rights]], and ethical standards. Finally, we must remember that males are the more vulnerable and sensitive of the two genders and, therefore, deserve the greater degree of protection from traumatic, invasive, injurious,and unnecessary surgery. For all of these reasons the non-therapeutic circumcision of boys should not be performed and the [[genital integrity]] of all children should be respected and protected.<ref name="hill2007">{{REFjournal
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|last=Hill
 +
|first=George
 +
|init=G
 +
|author-link=George Hill
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|title=The case against circumcision
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|journal=Journal of Men's Health and Gender
 +
|date=2007
 +
|volume=4
 +
|issue=3
 +
|pages=318-23
 +
|url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=04ace5046cc27f01b8fbe4aa359c059778983912
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|quote=
 +
|pubmedID=
 +
|pubmedCID=
 +
|DOI=
 +
|format=PDF
 +
|accessdate=2025-04-22
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}}</ref>
 
{{SEEALSO}}
 
{{SEEALSO}}
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* [[Circumcision]]
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* [[Circumcision and violence]]
 
* [[Religion and culture]]
 
* [[Religion and culture]]
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* [[Surrogate_consent]]
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{{REF}}
 +
  
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[[Category:Circumcision]]
 
[[Category:Islam]]
 
[[Category:Islam]]
 +
[[Category:Muslim]]
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[[Category:Psychology]]

Latest revision as of 19:07, 28 September 2025

Islamic circumcision accounts for the great majority of all circumcisions in the world. The incidence of male circumcision reaches nearly 100 percent in the swath of Islamic nations that stretch from Nigeria in the west to Indonesia in the east.

Global circumcision rates, according to the WHO.

Contents

Religious requirement

Though absent in the Qur'an, male circumcision is considered a religious requirement in Islam, and it is performed on male children of varying ages prior to puberty. Converts to this faith may also choose to undergo adult circumcision, but it is not always required.

Hossein Dabbagh (2022) questions the religious requirement for circumcision (khitan) in Islam.[1]

Psychological issues

Cansever (1965) administered psychological tests to twelve 5-to-7-year-old Turkish boys before and after Islamic circumcision and reported the results in her landmark paper, which was published in the British Journal of Medical Psychology in December 1965.[2]

Prescott (1975) argued that a decrease in sexual pleasure causes an increases in violence:

If we strive to increase the pleasure in our lives this will also affect the ways we express aggression and hostility. The reciprocal relationship between pleasure and violence is such that one inhibits the other; when physical pleasure is high, physical violence is low. When violence is high, pleasure is low. This basic premise of the somatosensory pleasure deprivation theory provides us with the tools necessary to fashion a world of peaceful, affectionate, cooperative individuals.[3]

De Mause (1996) argued that early trauma results in aggressive adult behavior.[4]

It is not clear whether the prevalence of Islamic and ritual circumcision causes a high level of violence in the Middle East.

The harm of circumcision

Male circumcision is harmful because it excises healthy tissue and permanently destroys beneficial, protective, immunological, sexual, and sensory physiological functions. Male circumcision also causes psychological problems that tend to perpetuate the cycle of abuse. Male circumcision is a costly diversion of medical resources away from beneficial services. Male circumcision violates legal rights, human rights, and ethical standards. Finally, we must remember that males are the more vulnerable and sensitive of the two genders and, therefore, deserve the greater degree of protection from traumatic, invasive, injurious,and unnecessary surgery. For all of these reasons the non-therapeutic circumcision of boys should not be performed and the genital integrity of all children should be respected and protected.[5]

See also

References

  1. ↑   Dabbagh H. Is Circumcision “Necessary” in Islam? A Philosophical Argument Based on Peer Disagreement. J Relig Health. 24 August 2022; 61(6): 4871-86. PMID. PMC. DOI. Retrieved 18 July 2025.
  2. ↑   Cansever G. Psychological effects of circumcision. Brit J Med Psychol. December 1965; 38(4): 321-31. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
  3. ↑   Prescott JW. Body Pleasure and the Origins of Violence. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. November 1975; : 10-20. Retrieved 27 April 2025.
  4. ↑   De Mause, Lloyd. Restaging Fetal Traumas in War and Social Violence. Pre- and Perinatal Psychology Journal. 1996; 23(4): 344-92. PMID. Retrieved 27 April 2025.
  5. ↑   Hill G. The case against circumcision  . Journal of Men's Health and Gender. 2007; 4(3): 318-23. Retrieved 22 April 2025.
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