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  |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelinogenesis
  |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelinogenesis
  |title=Myelinogenesis
  |title=Myelinogenesis
|last=
|first=
|init=
  |publisher=Wikipedia
  |publisher=Wikipedia
|date=
  |accessdate=2024-01-07
  |accessdate=2024-01-07
}}</ref> The myelin acts as an insulator to allow the electrical impulses to travel through the nerves.<ref name="myelogenesis2024" />
}}</ref> The myelin acts as an insulator to allow the electrical impulses to travel through the nerves.<ref name="myelogenesis2024" />
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Flechsig (1872) observed that the myelin sheath is not yet formed in newborn babies,<ref>{{REFjournal
Flechsig (1872) observed that the myelin sheath is not yet formed in newborn babies,<ref>{{REFjournal
  |last=Flechsig
  |last=Flechsig
  |init=P
  |init=PE
  |author-link=
  |author-link=Paul Emil Flechsig
|last2=
|init2=
|author2-link=
  |url=https://zenodo.org/records/1428540
  |url=https://zenodo.org/records/1428540
  |title=Developmental (Myelogenetic) Localisation of the Cerebral Cortex in the Human Subject  
  |title=Developmental (Myelogenetic) Localisation of the Cerebral Cortex in the Human Subject  
  |journal=Lancet
  |journal=Lancet
  |date=1901-10-19
  |date=1901-10-19
|volume=
|issue=
  |pages=1027-9
  |pages=1027-9
  |accessdate=2204-01-07}}</ref> which he reported in 1876.<ref>{{REFbook
  |accessdate=2204-01-07}}</ref> which he reported in 1876.<ref>{{REFbook
  |last=Flechsig
  |last=Flechsig
  |first=
  |first=Paul Emil
  |init=PE
  |init=PE
|author-link=Paul Emil Flechsig
  |year=1876
  |year=1876
  |title=Die Leitungsbahnen im Gehirn und Rückenmark des Menschen auf Grund entwicklungsgeschichtlicher Untersuchungen (The pathways in the human brain and spinal cord based on developmental studies)
  |title=Die Leitungsbahnen im Gehirn und Rückenmark des Menschen auf Grund entwicklungsgeschichtlicher Untersuchungen
|url=
|trans-title=The pathways in the human brain and spinal cord based on developmental studies
  |scope=
  |language=German
  |location=Leipzig
  |location=Leipzig
  |ISBN=
  |ISBN=
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  |init=DK
  |init=DK
  |author-link=
  |author-link=
|last2=
|init2=
|author2-link=
  |url=
  |url=
  |title=Neonatal pain: The evolution of an idea.  
  |title=Neonatal pain: The evolution of an idea.
  |journal=The American Association of Anesthesiologists Newsletter
  |journal=The American Association of Anesthesiologists Newsletter
  |date=1998-09
  |date=1998-09
|volume=
|issue=
|pages=
  |accessdate=2024-01-06
  |accessdate=2024-01-06
}}</ref> So great was his reputation and influence that his views were accepted without question, even though empirical studies had not been carried out. Surgical operations were carried out on infants without pain medication.
}}</ref> So great was his reputation and influence that his views were accepted without question, even though empirical studies had not been carried out. Surgical operations were carried out on infants without pain medication.
{{PUB}}
{{PUB}}
* {{REFbook
* {{REFbook
  |last=Flechsig
  |last=Flechsig
  |first=Paul
  |first=Paul Emil
  |init=
  |init=PE
|author-link=Paul Emil Flechsig
  |year=1927
  |year=1927
  |title=Meine Myelogenetische Hirnlehre: Mit Biographischer Einleitung
  |title=Meine Myelogenetische Hirnlehre: Mit Biographischer Einleitung
|trans-title=My myelogenetic brain theory: With a biographical introduction
|language=German
  |url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=FiyEBwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=Paul+Emil+Flechsig&ots=vHHjZ2xluC&sig=TDbWc5mxl1zJdy-jTstO48oznrQ#v=onepage&q=Paul%20Emil%20Flechsig&f=false
  |url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=FiyEBwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=Paul+Emil+Flechsig&ots=vHHjZ2xluC&sig=TDbWc5mxl1zJdy-jTstO48oznrQ#v=onepage&q=Paul%20Emil%20Flechsig&f=false
  |scope=
  |scope=
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  |accessdate=2024-01-08
  |accessdate=2024-01-08
  }}
  }}
Professor Flechsig published numerous books, articles, and other publications in German on a wide variety of subjects. In accordance with Intactiwiki policy they will not be listed here.
Professor Flechsig published numerous books, articles, and other publications in German on a wide variety of subjects. In accordance with Intactiwiki policy they will not be listed here.
==Flechsig's views are disproved==
==Flechsig's views are disproved==


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  |etal=no
  |etal=no
  |title=Adrenal Cortical Response to Circumcision in the Neonate
  |title=Adrenal Cortical Response to Circumcision in the Neonate
|trans-title=
|language=
  |journal=Obstet Gynecol  
  |journal=Obstet Gynecol  
  |date=1976
  |date=1976
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  |etal=no
  |etal=no
  |title=The effects of circumcision on serum cortisol and behavior
  |title=The effects of circumcision on serum cortisol and behavior
|trans-title=
|language=
  |journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology
  |journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology
  |location=
  |location=
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[[Kanwaljeet J. Singh Anand| Anand]] & Hickey (1987) published a magisterial article in the ''New England Journal of Medicine'' that conclusively settled the issue. The authors stated:
[[Kanwaljeet J. Singh Anand| Anand]] & Hickey (1987) published a magisterial article in the ''New England Journal of Medicine'' that conclusively settled the issue. The authors stated:
<blockquote>
<blockquote>
Numerous lines of evidence suggest that even in the human fetus, pain pathways as well as cortical and subcortical centers necessary for pain perception are well developed late in gestation, and the neurochemical systems now known to be associated with pain transmission and modulation are intact and functional. Physiologic responses to painful stimuli have been well documented in neonates of various gestational ages and are reflected in hormonal, metabolic, and cardiorespiratory changes similar to but greater than those observed in adult subjects. Other responses in newborn infants are suggestive of integrated emotional and behavioral responses to pain and are retained in memory long enough to modify subsequent behavior patterns.<ref>{{REFjournal
Numerous lines of evidence suggest that even in the human fetus, pain pathways as well as cortical and subcortical centers necessary for pain perception are well developed late in gestation, and the neurochemical systems now known to be associated with pain transmission and modulation are intact and functional. Physiologic responses to painful stimuli have been well documented in neonates of various gestational ages and are reflected in hormonal, metabolic, and cardiorespiratory changes similar to but greater than those observed in adult subjects. Other responses in newborn infants are suggestive of integrated emotional and behavioral responses to pain and are retained in memory long enough to modify subsequent behavior patterns.<ref>{{REFjournal
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  |last=Lea
  |last=Lea
  |first=Robert
  |first=Robert
  |init=
  |init=R
  |publisher=Newsweek
  |publisher=Newsweek
  |date=2021-09-02
  |date=2021-09-02
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}}</ref> The [[AAP]] belatedly acknowledged the need for anesthesia in 1987.<ref>{{REFjournal
}}</ref> The [[AAP]] belatedly acknowledged the need for anesthesia in 1987.<ref>{{REFjournal
  |last=Committee on Fetus and Newborn
  |last=Committee on Fetus and Newborn
|first=
|init=
|author-link=
  |last2=Committee on Drugs
  |last2=Committee on Drugs
|first2=
|init2=
|author2-link=
  |last3=Section on Anesthesiology
  |last3=Section on Anesthesiology
|first3=
|init3=
|author3-link=
  |last4=Section on Surgery
  |last4=Section on Surgery
|first4=
|init4=
|author4-link=
  |etal=no
  |etal=no
  |title=Neonatal anesthesia
  |title=Neonatal anesthesia
|trans-title=
|language=
  |journal=Pediatrics
  |journal=Pediatrics
|location=
  |date=1987
  |date=1987
  |volume=80
  |volume=80
  |issue=3
  |issue=3
|article=
  |page=446
  |page=446
  |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/pain/aap/
  |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/pain/aap/
|archived=
  |quote=There is also increasing evidence that neonatal cortical function is far greater than previously thought and some suggestion that short-term behavior may be affected by prior painful stimuli.
  |quote=There is also increasing evidence that neonatal cortical function is far greater than previously thought and some suggestion that short-term behavior may be affected by prior painful stimuli.
  |pubmedID=3627897
  |pubmedID=3627897
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|doi=
  |accessdate=2024-01-07
  |accessdate=2024-01-07
}}</ref> Boys may have suffered more than girls because of the practice of non-therapeutic neonatal [[circumcision]], including the after effects of behavior changes<ref>{{TaddioA KatzJ IlersichAL KorenG 1997}}</ref> and [[PTSD]].
}}</ref> Boys may have suffered more than girls because of the practice of non-therapeutic neonatal [[circumcision]], including the after effects of behavior changes<ref>{{TaddioA KatzJ IlersichAL KorenG 1997}}</ref> and [[PTSD]].
{{LINKS}}
{{LINKS}}
* {{REFweb
* {{REFweb
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  |title=Paul Flechsig
  |title=Paul Flechsig
  |publisher=Wikipedia
  |publisher=Wikipedia
|date=
  |accessdate=2024-01-07
  |accessdate=2024-01-07
}}
}}
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  |url=https://www.uniklinikum-leipzig.de/einrichtungen/pfi
  |url=https://www.uniklinikum-leipzig.de/einrichtungen/pfi
  |title=Paul-Flechsig-Institut – Zentrum für Neuropathologie und Hirnforschung
  |title=Paul-Flechsig-Institut – Zentrum für Neuropathologie und Hirnforschung
|last=
|first=
|init=
  |publisher=University of Leipzig
  |publisher=University of Leipzig
|date=
  |accessdate=2024-01-07
  |accessdate=2024-01-07
}}
}}
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  |url=http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/3146.html
  |url=http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/3146.html
  |title=Paul Flechsig
  |title=Paul Flechsig
|last=
|first=
|init=
  |publisher=Who Named It
  |publisher=Who Named It
|date=
  |accessdate=2024-01-07
  |accessdate=2024-01-07
}}
}}
{{REF}}
{{REF}}


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[[Category:Person]]
[[Category:Person]]
[[Category:Male]]
[[Category:Male]]
[[Category:Deceased]]
[[Category:Physician]]
[[Category:Physician]]
[[Category:Psychiatrist]]
[[Category:Psychiatrist]]
[[Category:Author]]
[[Category:Author]]
[[Category:Deceased]]


[[Category:Pain]]
[[Category:Pain]]
[[Category:Trauma]]


[[Category:Germany]]
[[Category:Germany]]
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