USAID: Difference between revisions
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[[Image:USAID.png|right|thumb|USAID]] | [[Image:USAID.png|right|thumb|USAID]] | ||
In a February 2009 report produced by USAID, a U.S. government agency, researchers found that circumcised men were more likely to have HIV in 10 of 18 (African) countries with data available.<ref name='CR22'>{{REFnews | In a February 2009 report produced by USAID, a U.S. government agency, researchers found that circumcised men were more likely to have HIV in 10 of 18 (African) countries with data available.<ref name='CR22'>{{REFnews | ||
| last= | |last=USAID | ||
| first= | |first= | ||
| | |first2=Mishra | ||
| url=http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/CR22/CR22.pdf | |last2=Vinod | ||
| title=DHS Comparative Reports 22 | |first3=Amy | ||
| date=2009 | |last3=Medley | ||
| publisher=Macro International, Inc. | |first4=Rathavuth | ||
| quote=Levels and spread of HIV seroprevalence and associated factors: Evidence from national household surveys | |last4=Hong | ||
| accessdate=2011-03-24 | |first5=Yuan | ||
|last5=Gu | |||
|first6=Bryant | |||
|last6=Robey | |||
|url=http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/CR22/CR22.pdf | |||
|title=DHS Comparative Reports 22 | |||
|date=2009 | |||
|publisher=Macro International, Inc. | |||
|quote=Levels and spread of HIV seroprevalence and associated factors: Evidence from national household surveys | |||
|accessdate=2011-03-24 | |||
}}</ref> The report found condom use, not circumcision, to be correlated with HIV status. Despite this report, USAID is listed as a contributing partner and a sponsor for the "[[Clearinghouse on Male Circumcision]] for HIV Prevention."<ref>{{REFweb | }}</ref> The report found condom use, not circumcision, to be correlated with HIV status. Despite this report, USAID is listed as a contributing partner and a sponsor for the "[[Clearinghouse on Male Circumcision]] for HIV Prevention."<ref>{{REFweb | ||
| last= | |last= | ||
| first= | |first= | ||
| date= | |date= | ||
| title=Male Circumcision Clearinghouse: Partners and Contributors | |title=Male Circumcision Clearinghouse: Partners and Contributors | ||
| url=http://www.malecircumcision.org/about/male_circumcision_partners.html | |url=http://www.malecircumcision.org/about/male_circumcision_partners.html | ||
| publisher=Clearinghouse for Male Circumcision on HIV Prevention | |publisher=Clearinghouse for Male Circumcision on HIV Prevention | ||
| accessdate=2011-03-24 | |accessdate=2011-03-24 | ||
}}</ref><ref name='kenya-circ-report'>{{REFnews | }}</ref><ref name='kenya-circ-report'>{{REFnews | ||
| last= | |last= | ||
| first | |first= | ||
|url=http://www.malecircumcision.org/documents/VMMCP_Report.pdf | |||
| url=http://www.malecircumcision.org/documents/VMMCP_Report.pdf | |title=National AIDS and STI Control Programme | ||
| title=National AIDS and STI Control Programme | |date=July 2010 | ||
| date=July 2010 | |publisher=Government of Kenya | ||
| publisher=Government of Kenya | |quote=Progress Report on Kenya's Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision Programme | ||
| quote=Progress Report on Kenya's Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision Programme | |accessdate=2011-03-24 | ||
| accessdate=2011-03-24 | |||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
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USAID has studied the "scale-up" of circumcision in Africa and shows support for circumcision in numerous places on its website.<ref name='usaid-circ-hiv-factsheet'>{{REFweb | USAID has studied the "scale-up" of circumcision in Africa and shows support for circumcision in numerous places on its website.<ref name='usaid-circ-hiv-factsheet'>{{REFweb | ||
| last= | |last= | ||
| first= | |first= | ||
| date= | |date= | ||
| title=Research: Male Circumcision and HIV Prevention | |title=Research: Male Circumcision and HIV Prevention | ||
| url=http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/aids/TechAreas/research/mcfactsheet.html | |url=http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/aids/TechAreas/research/mcfactsheet.html | ||
| publisher=USAID | |publisher=USAID | ||
| accessdate=2011-03-24 | |accessdate=2011-03-24 | ||
}}</ref><ref name='usaid-male-circ'>{{REFweb | }}</ref><ref name='usaid-male-circ'>{{REFweb | ||
| last= | |last= | ||
| first= | |first= | ||
| date= | |date= | ||
| title=Male Circumcision | |title=Male Circumcision | ||
| url=http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/aids/TechAreas/prevention/malecircumcision.html | |url=http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/aids/TechAreas/prevention/malecircumcision.html | ||
| publisher=USAID | |publisher=USAID | ||
| accessdate=2011-03-24 | |accessdate=2011-03-24 | ||
}}</ref><ref>{{REFnews | }}</ref><ref>{{REFnews | ||
| last= | |last=Clark | ||
| first= | |first=S. | ||
| | |first2=I. | ||
| url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACS892.pdf | |last2=Fua | ||
| title=Program and Policy Implications for HIV Prevention and Reproductive Health | |url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACS892.pdf | ||
| date=May 2003 | |title=Program and Policy Implications for HIV Prevention and Reproductive Health | ||
| publisher=USAID/AIDSMark | |date=May 2003 | ||
| quote=Male Circumcision: Current Epidemiological and Field Evidence | |publisher=USAID/AIDSMark | ||
| accessdate=2011-03-24 | |quote=Male Circumcision: Current Epidemiological and Field Evidence | ||
| place = Washington, D.C. | |accessdate=2011-03-24 | ||
|place = Washington, D.C. | |||
}}</ref><ref name='usaid-hiv-circ'>{{REFweb | }}</ref><ref name='usaid-hiv-circ'>{{REFweb | ||
| last= | |last= | ||
| first= | |first= | ||
| date= | |date= | ||
| title=Fighting HIV with Circumcision | |title=Fighting HIV with Circumcision | ||
| url=http://blog.usaid.gov/2010/12/fighting-hiv-with-circumcision/ | |url=http://blog.usaid.gov/2010/12/fighting-hiv-with-circumcision/ | ||
| publisher=USAID | |publisher=USAID | ||
| accessdate=2011-03-24 | |accessdate=2011-03-24 | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
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In November 2010, USAID issued a "technical brief" on male circumcision as HIV prevention. In the report, USAID states that it is supporting Swaziland's "Accelerated Saturation Initiative" for circumcision by providing "implementation support together with the <small>[U.S.]</small> Department of Defense, the Peace Corps, and the U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control]] and Prevention (CDC)." The report goes on to say that USAID, along with [[UNAIDS]], is providing technical and financial assistance in the studying circumcision programs in 14 African countries.<ref>{{REFnews | In November 2010, USAID issued a "technical brief" on male circumcision as HIV prevention. In the report, USAID states that it is supporting Swaziland's "Accelerated Saturation Initiative" for circumcision by providing "implementation support together with the <small>[U.S.]</small> Department of Defense, the Peace Corps, and the U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control]] and Prevention (CDC)." The report goes on to say that USAID, along with [[UNAIDS]], is providing technical and financial assistance in the studying circumcision programs in 14 African countries.<ref>{{REFnews | ||
| last= | |last= | ||
| first | |first= | ||
|url=http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/aids/TechAreas/prevention/medical_male_circumcision.pdf | |||
| url=http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/aids/TechAreas/prevention/medical_male_circumcision.pdf | |title=Technical Issue Brief | ||
| title=Technical Issue Brief | |date=November 2010 | ||
| date=November 2010 | |publisher=USAID | ||
| publisher=USAID | |quote=Medical Male Circumcision and HIV Prevention | ||
| quote=Medical Male Circumcision and HIV Prevention | |accessdate=2011-03-25 | ||
| accessdate=2011-03-25 | |||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
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USAID's support of what they call the "[[Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision Program]]: VMMC" also focused on Kenya.<ref>{{REFweb | USAID's support of what they call the "[[Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision Program]]: VMMC" also focused on Kenya.<ref>{{REFweb | ||
| quote=USAID/Kenya’s HIV/AIDS program is supported by the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). PEPFAR, a five-year, $48 billion program, is led by the U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator, in conjunction with USAID, the Department of Health and Human Services (including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), the Department of Defense (DOD), the U.S. Peace Corps, and the Department of State. | |quote=USAID/Kenya’s HIV/AIDS program is supported by the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). PEPFAR, a five-year, $48 billion program, is led by the U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator, in conjunction with USAID, the Department of Health and Human Services (including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), the Department of Defense (DOD), the U.S. Peace Corps, and the Department of State. | ||
| last= | |last= | ||
| first= | |first= | ||
| publisher=USAID | |publisher=USAID | ||
| date= | |date= | ||
| title=Kenya / HIV/AIDS | |title=Kenya / HIV/AIDS | ||
| url=http://kenya.usaid.gov/programs/health/77 | |url=http://kenya.usaid.gov/programs/health/77 | ||
| accessdate=2011-03-25 | |accessdate=2011-03-25 | ||
}}</ref> USAID funded a VMMC based circumcision campaign propaganda video to air on television in South Africa.<ref>{{REFweb | }}</ref> USAID funded a VMMC based circumcision campaign propaganda video to air on television in South Africa.<ref>{{REFweb | ||
| last= | |last= | ||
| first= | |first= | ||
| date=December 2010 | |date=December 2010 | ||
| title=VMMC Soccer Videos from Kenya | |title=VMMC Soccer Videos from Kenya | ||
| url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R8baq-d-Y5Q | |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R8baq-d-Y5Q | ||
| publisher=VMMC.m4v | |publisher=VMMC.m4v | ||
| accessdate=2011-04-28 | |accessdate=2011-04-28 | ||
}} Short video vignettes with a soccer theme that was field tested in communal video houses in Nyanza, Kenya during the 2010 World Cup Soccer broadcasts.</ref> | }} Short video vignettes with a soccer theme that was field tested in communal video houses in Nyanza, Kenya during the 2010 World Cup Soccer broadcasts.</ref> | ||
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{{Citation | {{Citation | ||
| Title=Levels and Spread of HIV Seroprevalence and Associated Factors: Evidence from National Household Surveys | |Title=Levels and Spread of HIV Seroprevalence and Associated Factors: Evidence from National Household Surveys | ||
| Text=There appears no clear pattern of association between male circumcision and HIV prevalence—in 8 of 18 countries with data, HIV prevalence is lower among circumcised men, while in the remaining 10 countries it is higher. | |Text=There appears no clear pattern of association between male circumcision and HIV prevalence—in 8 of 18 countries with data, HIV prevalence is lower among circumcised men, while in the remaining 10 countries it is higher. | ||
| Author= | |Author= | ||
| Source= | |Source= | ||
|ref=<ref>Levels and Spread of HIV Seroprevalence and Associated Factors: Evidence from National Household Surveys [http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/CR22/CR22.pdf (February 2009)]</ref> | |||
| ref=<ref>Levels and Spread of HIV Seroprevalence and Associated Factors: Evidence from National Household Surveys [http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/CR22/CR22.pdf (February 2009)]</ref> | |||
}} | }} | ||
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A USAID-funded organization called "[[C-Change]]" in Kenya is supporting "Male Circumcision Communication Toolkits" with the stated goal of "Creating demand for VMMC (circumcision)" and "facilitating a scale-up of materials" and capacity to perform more circumcisions from the government of Kenya. One of the ways C-Change is creating demand is by spreading information stating that "VMMC" prevents STI's.<ref>{{REFweb | A USAID-funded organization called "[[C-Change]]" in Kenya is supporting "Male Circumcision Communication Toolkits" with the stated goal of "Creating demand for VMMC (circumcision)" and "facilitating a scale-up of materials" and capacity to perform more circumcisions from the government of Kenya. One of the ways C-Change is creating demand is by spreading information stating that "VMMC" prevents STI's.<ref>{{REFweb | ||
| quote=...[Male Circumcision] reduces risk for men... | |quote=...[Male Circumcision] reduces risk for men... | ||
| url=http://c-changeprogram.org/where-we-work/kenya | |url=http://c-changeprogram.org/where-we-work/kenya | ||
| title=C-Change Develops Male Circumcision Toolkit for Kenya | |title=C-Change Develops Male Circumcision Toolkit for Kenya | ||
| last= | |last= | ||
| first= | |first= | ||
| year= | |year= | ||
| publisher=C-Change | |publisher=C-Change | ||
| accessdate=2011-03-25 | |accessdate=2011-03-25 | ||
}}</ref><ref>{{REFweb | }}</ref><ref>{{REFweb | ||
| quote=...[Male Circumcision] reduces risk for men... | |quote=...[Male Circumcision] reduces risk for men... | ||
| url=http://c-changeprogram.org/news/c-change-develops-male-circumcision-toolkit-kenya | |url=http://c-changeprogram.org/news/c-change-develops-male-circumcision-toolkit-kenya | ||
| title=C-Change Develops Male Circumcision Toolkit for Kenya | |title=C-Change Develops Male Circumcision Toolkit for Kenya | ||
| last= | |last= | ||
| first= | |first= | ||
| year= | |year= | ||
| publisher=C-Change | |publisher=C-Change | ||
| accessdate=2011-03-25 | |accessdate=2011-03-25 | ||
}}</ref><ref name='C-Change 2010-10-01'>{{REFweb | }}</ref><ref name='C-Change 2010-10-01'>{{REFweb | ||
| quote=VMMC Communication Toolkit in Kenya | |quote=VMMC Communication Toolkit in Kenya | ||
| last= | |last= | ||
| first= | |first= | ||
| publisher=C-Change | |publisher=C-Change | ||
| date=2010-10-01 | |date=2010-10-01 | ||
| title=Male Circumcision | |title=Male Circumcision | ||
| url=http://c-changeprogram.org/category/topics/male-circumcision | |url=http://c-changeprogram.org/category/topics/male-circumcision | ||
| accessdate=2011-03-25 | |accessdate=2011-03-25 | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
One issue of C-Change's publication included a study measuring media coverage of circumcision as HIV prevention and strategies for keeping media reports positive.<ref name='C-Channel 2009-12'>{{REFweb | One issue of C-Change's publication included a study measuring media coverage of circumcision as HIV prevention and strategies for keeping media reports positive.<ref name='C-Channel 2009-12'>{{REFweb | ||
| quote=Print media reporting of male circumcision for preventing HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa | |quote=Print media reporting of male circumcision for preventing HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa | ||
| last=Wang Al a; Duke W b; Schmid GP b | |last=Wang Al a; Duke W b; Schmid GP b | ||
| first= | |first= | ||
| publisher=C-Change | |publisher=C-Change | ||
| date=2009-12 | |date=2009-12 | ||
| title=Bulletin of the World Health Organization: C-Channel Issue 15 | |title=Bulletin of the World Health Organization: C-Channel Issue 15 | ||
| url=http://c-changeprogram.org/c-channel/issue15#5 | |url=http://c-changeprogram.org/c-channel/issue15#5 | ||
| accessdate=2011-03-25 | |accessdate=2011-03-25 | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
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In September 2010, USAID, funded by the U.S. [[PEPFAR|President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief]] program, along with a partner, also donated 5,000 male circumcision kits to Zimbabwe.<ref name='Standard, The 2010-09-12'>{{REFweb | In September 2010, USAID, funded by the U.S. [[PEPFAR|President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief]] program, along with a partner, also donated 5,000 male circumcision kits to Zimbabwe.<ref name='Standard, The 2010-09-12'>{{REFweb | ||
| last=Own Correspondent | |last=Own Correspondent | ||
| first= | |first= | ||
| date=2010-09-12 | |date=2010-09-12 | ||
| title=US donates 5 000 male circumcision medical kits | |title=US donates 5 000 male circumcision medical kits | ||
| url=http://www.thestandard.co.zw/local/26435-us-donates-5-000-male-circumcision-medical-kits.html | |url=http://www.thestandard.co.zw/local/26435-us-donates-5-000-male-circumcision-medical-kits.html | ||
| publisher=The Standard | |publisher=The Standard | ||
| accessdate=2011-03-25 | |accessdate=2011-03-25 | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||