Difference between revisions of "Circumcision legal commentary"
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==Commentaries== | ==Commentaries== | ||
| − | + | === 1966 === | |
| − | T. L. Fisher (1966), an officer of the [https://www.cmpa-acpm.ca/en/home Canadian Medical Protective Association], discussed the legal dangers of using outmoded treatment. This is, of course, relevant to the outmoded practice of circumcision of male children. | + | * T. L. Fisher (1966), an officer of the [https://www.cmpa-acpm.ca/en/home Canadian Medical Protective Association], discussed the legal dangers of using outmoded treatment. This is, of course, relevant to the outmoded practice of circumcision of male children. |
| − | + | : {{REFjournal | |
|last=Fisher | |last=Fisher | ||
| − | | | + | |init=TL |
|author-link= | |author-link= | ||
|etal=no | |etal=no | ||
| Line 31: | Line 31: | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | + | === 1968 === | |
| − | Morse (1968) discussed ritual circumcision in hospitals under the law of New York. | + | * Morse (1968) discussed ritual circumcision in hospitals under the law of New York. |
| − | + | : {{REFjournal | |
|last=Morse | |last=Morse | ||
| − | | | + | |init=HW |
|author-link= | |author-link= | ||
|etal=no | |etal=no | ||
| Line 56: | Line 56: | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | + | === 1971 === | |
| − | Roddey (1971) discussed legal issues that can arise from the performance of then very common infant non-therapeutic circumcision. | + | * Roddey (1971) discussed legal issues that can arise from the performance of then very common infant non-therapeutic circumcision. |
| − | + | : {{REFjournal | |
|last=Roddey | |last=Roddey | ||
| − | | | + | |init=AR |
|author-link= | |author-link= | ||
|etal=no | |etal=no | ||
|title=Law & Medicine: Circumcision | |title=Law & Medicine: Circumcision | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
|journal=JAMA | |journal=JAMA | ||
|location= | |location= | ||
| Line 81: | Line 79: | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | + | === 1980 === | |
| − | Canadian medical ethicist [[Margaret A. Somerville|Margaret Somerville]] (1980) published a commentary on the distinctions between therapeutic medical procedures and non-therapeutic medical procedures. Since the circumcision of male infants is a non-therapeutic procedure, her remarks are relevant here. | + | * Canadian medical ethicist [[Margaret A. Somerville|Margaret Somerville]] (1980) published a commentary on the distinctions between therapeutic medical procedures and non-therapeutic medical procedures. Since the circumcision of male infants is a non-therapeutic procedure, her remarks are relevant here. |
| − | + | : {{REFjournal | |
|last=Somerville | |last=Somerville | ||
|first=Margaret | |first=Margaret | ||
| + | |init=M | ||
|author-link=Margaret A. Somerville | |author-link=Margaret A. Somerville | ||
|title=Medical Interventions and the Criminal Law | |title=Medical Interventions and the Criminal Law | ||
| Line 97: | Line 96: | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | + | === 1981 === | |
| − | [[Margaret A. Somerville|Margaret Somerville]] (1981) discusses the difference between therapeutic and non-therapeutic medical procedures. | + | * [[Margaret A. Somerville|Margaret Somerville]] (1981) discusses the difference between therapeutic and non-therapeutic medical procedures. |
| − | + | : {{REFjournal | |
| − | |||
|last=Somerville | |last=Somerville | ||
|first=Margaret | |first=Margaret | ||
| + | |init=M | ||
|author-link=Margaret A. Somerville | |author-link=Margaret A. Somerville | ||
|etal=no | |etal=no | ||
| Line 123: | Line 122: | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | + | === 1985 === | |
| − | American William E. Brigman (1985) used new medical evidence to argue that circumcision is child abuse, and discussed possible legal remedies. Recent medical articles have documented the actual injury of circumcision, to make it possible for an attorney to win damages for wrongful circumcision, he said. Brigman suggested civil rights class action suits against hospitals. | + | * American William E. Brigman (1985) used new medical evidence to argue that circumcision is child abuse, and discussed possible legal remedies. Recent medical articles have documented the actual injury of circumcision, to make it possible for an attorney to win damages for wrongful circumcision, he said. Brigman suggested civil rights class action suits against hospitals. |
| − | + | : {{REFjournal | |
|last=Brigman | |last=Brigman | ||
|first=William E. | |first=William E. | ||
| + | |init=WE | ||
|author-link= | |author-link= | ||
|title=Circumcision as Child Abuse: The Legal and Constitutional Issues | |title=Circumcision as Child Abuse: The Legal and Constitutional Issues | ||
| Line 139: | Line 139: | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | + | === 1986 === | |
| − | Sebastian Poulter (1986) argued that parents may authorise the non-therapeutic circumcision of a male minor under English law. Later British court decisions call his comments into question. | + | * Sebastian Poulter (1986) argued that parents may authorise the non-therapeutic circumcision of a male minor under English law. Later British court decisions call his comments into question. |
| − | + | : {{REFbook | |
|last=Poulter | |last=Poulter | ||
|first=Sebastian | |first=Sebastian | ||
| Line 152: | Line 152: | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | + | === 1989 === | |
| − | [[Charles A. Bonner|Bonner]] & Kinane (1989) discussed the legal and constitutional issues of non-therapeutic male circumcision under United States and California law. | + | * [[Charles A. Bonner|Bonner]] & Kinane (1989) discussed the legal and constitutional issues of non-therapeutic male circumcision under United States and California law. |
| − | + | : {{REFjournal | |
|last=Bonner | |last=Bonner | ||
|first=Charles | |first=Charles | ||
| + | |init=C | ||
|author-link=Charles A. Bonner | |author-link=Charles A. Bonner | ||
|last2=Kinane | |last2=Kinane | ||
|first2=Michael | |first2=Michael | ||
| + | |init2=M | ||
|author2-link= | |author2-link= | ||
|title=The Legal and Constitutional Issues | |title=The Legal and Constitutional Issues | ||
| Line 168: | Line 170: | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | + | === 1992 === | |
| − | Lynn E. Lebit (1992) discusses issues with the substituted judgment doctrine. | + | * Lynn E. Lebit (1992) discusses issues with the substituted judgment doctrine. |
| − | + | : {{REFjournal | |
|last=Lebit | |last=Lebit | ||
|first=Lynn E. | |first=Lynn E. | ||
| + | |init=LE | ||
|author-link= | |author-link= | ||
|etal=no | |etal=no | ||
|title=Compelled Medical Procedures Involving Minors and Incompetents and Misapplication of the Substituted Judgment Doctrine | |title=Compelled Medical Procedures Involving Minors and Incompetents and Misapplication of the Substituted Judgment Doctrine | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
|journal=Journal of Law and Medicine | |journal=Journal of Law and Medicine | ||
|location= | |location= | ||
| Line 193: | Line 194: | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | + | === 1993 === | |
| − | The Queensland Law Reform Commission (QLRC) (1993) considered possible reforms to the law of the state of Queensland, Australia, however no action has been taken after nearly 30 years. | + | * The Queensland Law Reform Commission (QLRC) (1993) considered possible reforms to the law of the state of Queensland, Australia, however no action has been taken after nearly 30 years. |
| − | + | : {{REFdocument | |
|title=Circumcision of Male Infants Research Paper | |title=Circumcision of Male Infants Research Paper | ||
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/legal/QLRC/ | |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/legal/QLRC/ | ||
| Line 207: | Line 208: | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | + | === 1994 === | |
| − | [[James G. Dwyer]] (1994) discussed the impact of parents' religion on children's welfare. | + | * [[James G. Dwyer]] (1994) discussed the impact of parents' religion on children's welfare. |
| − | + | : {{REFjournal | |
|last=Dwyer | |last=Dwyer | ||
|first=James G. | |first=James G. | ||
| + | |init=JG | ||
|author-link=James G. Dwyer | |author-link=James G. Dwyer | ||
|title=Parents' Religion and Children's Welfare: Debunking the Doctrine of Parents' Rights | |title=Parents' Religion and Children's Welfare: Debunking the Doctrine of Parents' Rights | ||
| Line 223: | Line 225: | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | + | === 1995 === | |
| − | [[David J. Llewellyn]] (1995) discusses legal remedies when hospitals or doctors injure patients by circumcision. | + | * [[David J. Llewellyn]] (1995) discusses legal remedies when hospitals or doctors injure patients by circumcision. |
| − | + | : {{REFjournal | |
| − | |||
|last=Llewellyn | |last=Llewellyn | ||
| − | |first=David | + | |first=David J. |
| + | |init=DJ | ||
|author-link=David J. Llewellyn | |author-link=David J. Llewellyn | ||
|title=Legal remedies for penile torts | |title=Legal remedies for penile torts | ||
| Line 240: | Line 242: | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | + | === 1996 === | |
| − | Australian professor of law Neville Turner (1996) points out that circumcised boys may sue for damages. | + | * Australian professor of law Neville Turner (1996) points out that circumcised boys may sue for damages. |
| − | + | : {{REFjournal | |
|last=Turner | |last=Turner | ||
| − | |first=Neville | + | |first=J. Neville |
| + | |init=JN | ||
|author-link=J. Neville Turner | |author-link=J. Neville Turner | ||
|title=Circumcised boys may sue | |title=Circumcised boys may sue | ||
| Line 256: | Line 259: | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | + | * David Richards (1996) argues that the best way to reduce the incidence of circumcision is to remove it from the medical benefits schedule. | |
| − | David Richards (1996) argues that the best way to reduce the incidence of circumcision is to remove it from the medical benefits schedule. | + | : {{REFjournal |
| − | |||
| − | |||
|last=Richards | |last=Richards | ||
|first=David | |first=David | ||
| + | |init=D | ||
|author-link=David Richards | |author-link=David Richards | ||
|title=Male Circumcision: Medical or Ritual? | |title=Male Circumcision: Medical or Ritual? | ||
| Line 273: | Line 275: | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | + | * Christopher Price, M.A. (Oxon) (1996) briefed the [https://www.lawcom.gov.uk/ Law Commission of England and Wales] on issues of male circumcision. | |
| − | Christopher Price, M.A. (Oxon) (1996) briefed the [https://www.lawcom.gov.uk/ Law Commission of England and Wales] on issues of male circumcision. | + | : {{REFdocument |
| − | |||
| − | |||
|title=Male Circumcision: A Legal Affront | |title=Male Circumcision: A Legal Affront | ||
|trans-title= | |trans-title= | ||
| Line 291: | Line 291: | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | + | === 1997 === | |
| − | Abbie J. Chessler (1997) provides a review of legal issues of male and female non-therapeutic circumcision. | + | * Abbie J. Chessler (1997) provides a review of legal issues of male and female non-therapeutic circumcision. |
| − | + | : {{REFjournal | |
| − | |||
|last=Chessler | |last=Chessler | ||
|first=Abbie | |first=Abbie | ||
| + | |init=A | ||
|author-link= | |author-link= | ||
|title=Justifying the Unjustifable: Rite v. Wrong | |title=Justifying the Unjustifable: Rite v. Wrong | ||
| Line 308: | Line 308: | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | + | === 1998 === | |
| − | Jacqueline Smith (1998), of the [https://www.uu.nl/en/research/netherlands-institute-of-human-rights-sim Netherlands Institute of Human Rights], has examined non-therapeutic circumcision of male children in the light of international human rights law. | + | * Jacqueline Smith (1998), of the [https://www.uu.nl/en/research/netherlands-institute-of-human-rights-sim Netherlands Institute of Human Rights], has examined non-therapeutic circumcision of male children in the light of international human rights law. |
| − | + | : {{REFbook | |
| − | |||
|last=Smith | |last=Smith | ||
|first=Jacqueline | |first=Jacqueline | ||
| Line 332: | Line 331: | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | + | * Povenmire (1998-9) discussed the lawfulness of consent for non-therapeutic circumcision of minor boys in the United States. | |
| − | Povenmire (1998-9) discussed the lawfulness of consent for non-therapeutic circumcision of minor boys in the United States. | + | : {{REFjournal |
| − | |||
| − | |||
|last=Povenmire | |last=Povenmire | ||
|first=Ross | |first=Ross | ||
| + | |init=R | ||
|author-link=Ross Povenmire | |author-link=Ross Povenmire | ||
|title=Do Parents Have the Legal Authority to Consent to the Surgical Amputation of Normal, Healthy Tissue From Their Infant Children?: The Practice of Circumcision in the United States. | |title=Do Parents Have the Legal Authority to Consent to the Surgical Amputation of Normal, Healthy Tissue From Their Infant Children?: The Practice of Circumcision in the United States. | ||
| Line 349: | Line 347: | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | + | === 1999 === | |
| − | The late British solicitor Christopher P Price (1999) elucidated the difference between therapeutic and non-therapeutic procedures and discussed the state of British law relating to non-therapeutic circumcision of male children. | + | * The late British solicitor Christopher P Price (1999) elucidated the difference between therapeutic and non-therapeutic procedures and discussed the state of British law relating to non-therapeutic circumcision of male children. |
| − | + | _ {{REFbook | |
| − | |||
|last=Price | |last=Price | ||
|first=Christopher P | |first=Christopher P | ||
| Line 373: | Line 370: | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | + | * Van Howe, Svoboda, Dywer, & Price (1999), a medico-legal team discuss the legal issues of non-therapeutic circumcision of boys. | |
| − | Van Howe, Svoboda, Dywer, & Price (1999), a medico-legal team discuss the legal issues of non-therapeutic circumcision of boys. | + | : {{REFjournal |
| − | |||
| − | |||
|last=Van Howe | |last=Van Howe | ||
| − | |first=Robert S | + | |first=Robert S. |
| + | |init=RS | ||
|author-link=Robert S. Van Howe | |author-link=Robert S. Van Howe | ||
|last2=Svoboda | |last2=Svoboda | ||
|first2=J. Steven | |first2=J. Steven | ||
| + | |init2=JS | ||
|author2-link=J. Steven Svoboda | |author2-link=J. Steven Svoboda | ||
|last3=Dwyer | |last3=Dwyer | ||
| − | | | + | |init3=JG |
|author3-link=James G. Dwyer | |author3-link=James G. Dwyer | ||
|last4=Price | |last4=Price | ||
| − | | | + | |init4=CP |
|author4-link=Christopher P. Price | |author4-link=Christopher P. Price | ||
|etal=no | |etal=no | ||
| Line 403: | Line 400: | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | + | === 2000 === | |
| − | Boyle | + | * Boyle ''et al.'' (2000) argue strongly, that in common law jurisdictions such as the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, and the United States, parents lack the capacity to consent to non-therapeutic circumcision, so it constitutes criminal assault, whenever it is performed. |
| − | + | : {{REFjournal | |
| − | |||
|last=Boyle | |last=Boyle | ||
| − | |first=Gregory J | + | |first=Gregory J. |
| + | |init=GJ | ||
|author-link=Gregory J. Boyle | |author-link=Gregory J. Boyle | ||
|last2=Svoboda | |last2=Svoboda | ||
|first2=J. Steven | |first2=J. Steven | ||
| + | |init2=JS | ||
|author2-link=J. Steven Svoboda | |author2-link=J. Steven Svoboda | ||
|last3=Price | |last3=Price | ||
| − | |first3=Christopher P | + | |first3=Christopher P. |
| + | |init3=CP | ||
|author3-link=Christopher P. Price | |author3-link=Christopher P. Price | ||
|last4=Turner | |last4=Turner | ||
|first4=Neville | |first4=Neville | ||
| + | |init4=N | ||
|author4-link=J. Neville Turner | |author4-link=J. Neville Turner | ||
|etal=no | |etal=no | ||
| Line 431: | Line 431: | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | + | * Dr. Arif Bhimji {2000) argues that non-therapeutic circumcision of boys in Canada violates the rights protected by the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. | |
| − | Dr. Arif Bhimji {2000) argues that non-therapeutic circumcision of boys in Canada violates the rights protected by the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. | + | : {{REFjournal |
| − | |||
| − | |||
|last=Bhimji | |last=Bhimji | ||
|first=Arif | |first=Arif | ||
| + | |init=A | ||
|author-link=Arif Bhimji | |author-link=Arif Bhimji | ||
|title=Infant Male Circumcision: A violation of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms | |title=Infant Male Circumcision: A violation of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms | ||
| Line 448: | Line 447: | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | + | * Giannetti (2000) argues that scientific misconduct in the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] circumcision policy statements should expose the AAP to trade association liability. | |
| − | Giannetti (2000) argues that scientific misconduct in the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] circumcision policy statements should expose the AAP to trade association liability. | + | : {{REFjournal |
| − | |||
| − | |||
|last=Giannetti | |last=Giannetti | ||
|first=Matthew | |first=Matthew | ||
| + | |init=M | ||
|author-link= | |author-link= | ||
|title=Circumcision and the American Academy of Pediatrics: Should Scientific Misconduct Result in Trade Association Liability | |title=Circumcision and the American Academy of Pediatrics: Should Scientific Misconduct Result in Trade Association Liability | ||
| Line 465: | Line 463: | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | + | * Svoboda, Van Howe & Dwyer (2000) discuss legal issues inherent with consent for non-therapeutic circumcision of boys. | |
| − | Svoboda, Van Howe & Dwyer (2000) discuss legal issues inherent with consent for non-therapeutic circumcision of boys. | + | : {{REFjournal |
| − | |||
| − | |||
|last=Svoboda | |last=Svoboda | ||
|first=J. Steven | |first=J. Steven | ||
| + | |init=JS | ||
|author-link=J. Steven Svoboda | |author-link=J. Steven Svoboda | ||
|last2=Van Howe | |last2=Van Howe | ||
|first2=Robert S. | |first2=Robert S. | ||
| + | |init2=RS | ||
|author2-link=Robert S. Van Howe | |author2-link=Robert S. Van Howe | ||
|last3=Dwyer | |last3=Dwyer | ||
|first3=James G. | |first3=James G. | ||
| + | |init3=JG | ||
|author3-link=James G. Dwyer | |author3-link=James G. Dwyer | ||
|etal=no | |etal=no | ||
|title=Informed Consent for Neonatal Circumcision: An Ethical and Legal Conundrum | |title=Informed Consent for Neonatal Circumcision: An Ethical and Legal Conundrum | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
|journal=J Contemporary Health Law Policy | |journal=J Contemporary Health Law Policy | ||
|location= | |location= | ||
| Line 497: | Line 494: | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | + | * Peter W. Edge (2000) discussed the impact of the Human Rights Act (1998) on the practice of non-therapeutic circumcision of male children in the United Kingdom. | |
| − | Peter W. Edge (2000) discussed the impact of the Human Rights Act (1998) on the practice of non-therapeutic circumcision of male children in the United Kingdom. | + | : {{REFjournal |
| − | |||
| − | |||
|last=Edge | |last=Edge | ||
| − | |first=Peter | + | |first=Peter W. |
| + | |init=PW | ||
|author-link= | |author-link= | ||
|title=Male circumcision after the human rights act 1998 | |title=Male circumcision after the human rights act 1998 | ||
| Line 514: | Line 510: | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | + | === 2001 === | |
| − | J. Steven Svoboda (2001) discussed the limits of the law. | + | * J. Steven Svoboda (2001) discussed the limits of the law. |
| − | + | : {{REFbook | |
| − | |||
|last=Svoboda | |last=Svoboda | ||
|first=J. Steven | |first=J. Steven | ||
| Line 538: | Line 533: | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | + | === 2002 === | |
| − | Geoffrey P. Miller (2002) discussed the impact of American culture on the law of circumcision. | + | * Geoffrey P. Miller (2002) discussed the impact of American culture on the law of circumcision. |
| − | + | : {{REFjournal | |
| − | |||
|last=Miller | |last=Miller | ||
| − | |first=Geoffrey | + | |first=Geoffrey P. |
| + | |init=GP | ||
|author-link= | |author-link= | ||
|title=Circumcision: Cultural-Legal Analysis | |title=Circumcision: Cultural-Legal Analysis | ||
| Line 555: | Line 550: | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | + | === 2005 === | |
| − | Suzanne Bouclin (2005) examined the legal status of non-therapeutic circumcision in Canada. | + | * Suzanne Bouclin (2005) examined the legal status of non-therapeutic circumcision in Canada. |
| − | + | : {{REFjournal | |
| − | |||
|last=Bouclin | |last=Bouclin | ||
|first=Suzanne | |first=Suzanne | ||
| + | |init=B | ||
|author-link=Suzanne Bouclin | |author-link=Suzanne Bouclin | ||
|title=An examination of legal and ethical issues surrounding male circumcision: the Canadian context | |title=An examination of legal and ethical issues surrounding male circumcision: the Canadian context | ||
| Line 572: | Line 567: | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | + | * Fox & Thomson (2005) criticise the British Medical Association guidance to doctors. | |
| − | Fox & Thomson (2005) criticise the British Medical Association guidance to doctors. | + | : {{REFjournal |
| − | |||
| − | |||
|last=Fox | |last=Fox | ||
|first=Marie | |first=Marie | ||
| + | |init=M | ||
|author-link= | |author-link= | ||
|last2=Thomson | |last2=Thomson | ||
| − | | | + | |init2=M |
|author2-link= | |author2-link= | ||
|etal=no | |etal=no | ||
|title=A covenant with the status quo? Male circumcision and the new BMA guidance to doctors | |title=A covenant with the status quo? Male circumcision and the new BMA guidance to doctors | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
|journal=J Med Ethics | |journal=J Med Ethics | ||
|location= | |location= | ||
| Line 601: | Line 593: | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | + | === 2008 === | |
| − | Doctors Opposing Circumcision included this commentary on the law of circumcision of boys in their June 2008 ''Genital Integrity Statement''. It has since been later amended by another party to include a reference to Adler (2013) that was not available at the time of writing. | + | * Doctors Opposing Circumcision included this commentary on the law of circumcision of boys in their June 2008 ''Genital Integrity Statement''. It has since been later amended by another party to include a reference to Adler (2013) that was not available at the time of writing. |
| − | + | : {{REFbook | |
| − | |||
|last=Hill | |last=Hill | ||
|first=George | |first=George | ||
| Line 625: | Line 616: | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | + | * Professor [[Holm Putzke|Putzke]] (2008) points out that there is a criminal relevance of circumcising boys. | |
| − | Professor [[Holm Putzke|Putzke]] (2008) points out that there is a criminal relevance of circumcising boys. | + | : {{REFdocument |
| − | |||
|url=http://www.holmputzke.de/images/stories/pdf/2008_putzke%20fs%20herzberg%20essay%20on%20circumcision.pdf | |url=http://www.holmputzke.de/images/stories/pdf/2008_putzke%20fs%20herzberg%20essay%20on%20circumcision.pdf | ||
|title=Criminal Relevance of Circumcising Boys, A Contribution to the Limitation of Consent in Cases of Care for the Person of the Child | |title=Criminal Relevance of Circumcising Boys, A Contribution to the Limitation of Consent in Cases of Care for the Person of the Child | ||
| Line 638: | Line 628: | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | + | === 2011 === | |
| − | David Llewellyn (2011) discussed strategies for litigation. | + | * David Llewellyn (2011) discussed strategies for litigation. |
| − | + | : {{REFweb | |
| − | |||
|url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4020-4916-3_19 | |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4020-4916-3_19 | ||
|archived= | |archived= | ||
| Line 658: | Line 647: | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | + | * Professor Peter W. Adler, J. D., (2011) argues that it is unlawful for United States Medicaid to pay for non-therapeutic circumcision. | |
| − | Professor Peter W. Adler, J. D., (2011) argues that it is unlawful for United States Medicaid to pay for non-therapeutic circumcision. | + | : {{REFjournal |
| − | |||
| − | |||
|last=Adler | |last=Adler | ||
|first=Peter W. | |first=Peter W. | ||
| + | |init=PW | ||
|author-link=Peter W. Adler | |author-link=Peter W. Adler | ||
|title=It is lawful to use Medicaid to pay for circumcision? | |title=It is lawful to use Medicaid to pay for circumcision? | ||
| Line 679: | Line 667: | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | + | === 2012 === | |
| − | The Tasmanian Law Reform Institute (2012) has made recommendations for reforms of Tasmanian law relating to non-therapeutic circumcision of male minors. | + | * The Tasmanian Law Reform Institute (2012) has made recommendations for reforms of Tasmanian law relating to non-therapeutic circumcision of male minors. |
| − | + | : {{REFdocument | |
| − | |||
|title=Non-Therapeutic Male Circumcision | |title=Non-Therapeutic Male Circumcision | ||
|url=https://www.utas.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/302829/Non-Therapuetic-Circ_Final-Report-August-2012.pdf | |url=https://www.utas.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/302829/Non-Therapuetic-Circ_Final-Report-August-2012.pdf | ||
| Line 695: | Line 682: | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | + | === 2013 === | |
| − | Professor Peter W. Adler, J.D., (2013) argues that non-therapeutic circumcision of boys is unlawful. | + | * Professor Peter W. Adler, J.D., (2013) argues that non-therapeutic circumcision of boys is unlawful. |
| − | + | : {{REFjournal | |
| − | |||
|last=Adler | |last=Adler | ||
|first=Peter W. | |first=Peter W. | ||
| + | |init=PW | ||
|author-link=Peter W. Adler | |author-link=Peter W. Adler | ||
|title=Is circumcision legal? | |title=Is circumcision legal? | ||
| Line 712: | Line 699: | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | + | === 2016 === | |
| − | Professor Paul McLaughlin (2016) discusses conflicts between non-therapeutic child circumcision practice and the international law of human rights. | + | * Professor Paul McLaughlin (2016) discusses conflicts between non-therapeutic child circumcision practice and the international law of human rights. |
| − | + | : {{REFjournal | |
| − | + | |last=McLaughlin Jr | |
| − | |last=McLaughlin | ||
|first=Paul Jerome | |first=Paul Jerome | ||
| + | |init=PJ | ||
|author-link= | |author-link= | ||
|title=Legal and Medical Ethical Entanglements of Infant Male Circumcision and International Law | |title=Legal and Medical Ethical Entanglements of Infant Male Circumcision and International Law | ||
| Line 729: | Line 716: | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | + | === 2017 === | |
| − | Earp, Hendry, and Thomson discuss the case of ''B & G'' (2015). | + | * Earp, Hendry, and Thomson (2017) discuss the case of ''B & G'' (2015). |
| − | + | : {{REFjournal | |
| − | |||
|last=Earp | |last=Earp | ||
| − | |||
|first=Brian | |first=Brian | ||
| + | |init=B | ||
|author-link= | |author-link= | ||
|last2=Hendry | |last2=Hendry | ||
| − | |||
|first2=Jennifer | |first2=Jennifer | ||
| + | |init2=J | ||
|author2-link= | |author2-link= | ||
|last3=Thomson | |last3=Thomson | ||
| − | |||
|first3=Michael | |first3=Michael | ||
| + | |init3=M | ||
|author3-link= | |author3-link= | ||
|etal=no | |etal=no | ||
|title=Reason and paradox in medical and family law: Shaping children's bodies | |title=Reason and paradox in medical and family law: Shaping children's bodies | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
|journal=Medical Law Review | |journal=Medical Law Review | ||
|location= | |location= | ||
| Line 764: | Line 748: | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | + | * Professors Marie Fox and Michael Thomson discussed ''Bodily Integrity, Embodiment and the Regulation of Parental Choice''. | |
| − | Professors Marie Fox and Michael Thomson discussed ''Bodily Integrity, Embodiment and the Regulation of Parental Choice''. | + | : {{REFjournal |
| − | |||
| − | |||
|last=Fox | |last=Fox | ||
|first=Marie | |first=Marie | ||
| + | |init=M | ||
|author-link= | |author-link= | ||
|last2=Thomson | |last2=Thomson | ||
|first2=Michael | |first2=Michael | ||
| + | |init2=M | ||
|author2-link= | |author2-link= | ||
|etal=so | |etal=so | ||
|title=Bodily Integrity, Embodiment and the Regulation of Parental Choice | |title=Bodily Integrity, Embodiment and the Regulation of Parental Choice | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
|journal=Journal of Law and Society | |journal=Journal of Law and Society | ||
|location= | |location= | ||
| Line 793: | Line 775: | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | + | === 2020 === | |
| − | Professor Kai Möller discussed the legality of male and female circumcision in the light of the case of [[Re B and G (children) (No 2) EWFC 3| ''Re B and G (children) (No 2)'' [2015] EWFC 3]]. | + | * Professor Kai Möller discussed the legality of male and female circumcision in the light of the case of [[Re B and G (children) (No 2) EWFC 3| ''Re B and G (children) (No 2)'' [2015] EWFC 3]]. |
| − | + | : {{REFjournal | |
| − | |||
|last=Möller | |last=Möller | ||
|first=Kai | |first=Kai | ||
| + | |init=K | ||
|author-link= | |author-link= | ||
|title=Male and Female Genital Cutting: Between the Best Interest of the Child and Genital Mutilation | |title=Male and Female Genital Cutting: Between the Best Interest of the Child and Genital Mutilation | ||
| Line 811: | Line 793: | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | + | * Adler, Van Howe, Wisdom & Daase (2020) examined male non-therapeutic circumcision as fraud. | |
| − | Adler, Van Howe, Wisdom & Daase (2020) examined male non-therapeutic circumcision as fraud. | + | : {{REFjournal |
| − | |||
| − | |||
|last=Adler | |last=Adler | ||
|first=Peter W. | |first=Peter W. | ||
| + | |init=PW | ||
|author-link=Peter W. Adler | |author-link=Peter W. Adler | ||
|last2=Van Howe | |last2=Van Howe | ||
|first2=Robert S. | |first2=Robert S. | ||
| + | |init2=RS | ||
|author2-link=Robert S. Van Howe | |author2-link=Robert S. Van Howe | ||
|last3=Wisdom | |last3=Wisdom | ||
|first3=Travis | |first3=Travis | ||
| + | |init3=T | ||
|author3-link= | |author3-link= | ||
|last4=Daase | |last4=Daase | ||
|first4=Felix | |first4=Felix | ||
| + | |init4=F | ||
|author4-link= | |author4-link= | ||
|etal=no | |etal=no | ||
|title=Is circumcision a fraud? | |title=Is circumcision a fraud? | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
|journal=Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy | |journal=Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy | ||
|location= | |location= | ||
| Line 845: | Line 827: | ||
|accessdate= | |accessdate= | ||
}} | }} | ||
| + | |||
==Briefs== | ==Briefs== | ||
The two briefs indexed here were filed by [[Doctors Opposing Circumcision]] with the Oregon Supreme Court in the case of [[Boldt v. Boldt]], where they proved instrumental in changing the direction of that case. They have an excellent summary of American Constitutional law relevant to the non-therapeutic circumcision of male children. | The two briefs indexed here were filed by [[Doctors Opposing Circumcision]] with the Oregon Supreme Court in the case of [[Boldt v. Boldt]], where they proved instrumental in changing the direction of that case. They have an excellent summary of American Constitutional law relevant to the non-therapeutic circumcision of male children. | ||
| − | |||
* {{REFdocument | * {{REFdocument | ||
| − | |title= | + | |title=Brief of Amicus Curiae, Doctors Opposing Circumcision, in Support of the Petition for Review |
|url=https://pool.intactiwiki.org/images/2007-04_BoldtReviewBrief.pdf | |url=https://pool.intactiwiki.org/images/2007-04_BoldtReviewBrief.pdf | ||
|contribution= | |contribution= | ||
| Line 862: | Line 844: | ||
|accessdate=2020-05-10 | |accessdate=2020-05-10 | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
* {{REFdocument | * {{REFdocument | ||
| − | |title= | + | |title=Brief on the Merits of ''Amicus Curiae'', Doctors Opposing Circumcision |
|url=https://pool.intactiwiki.org/images/2007-07-31_BoldtAmicusBriefMerits.pdf | |url=https://pool.intactiwiki.org/images/2007-07-31_BoldtAmicusBriefMerits.pdf | ||
|contribution= | |contribution= | ||
| Line 875: | Line 855: | ||
|accessdate=2020-05-10 | |accessdate=2020-05-10 | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
| + | |||
==Video presentation== | ==Video presentation== | ||
| Line 883: | Line 864: | ||
{{SEEALSO}} | {{SEEALSO}} | ||
| − | |||
* [[Human rights| International Human Rights Law]] | * [[Human rights| International Human Rights Law]] | ||
{{LINKS}} | {{LINKS}} | ||
| − | |||
This index at ARC includes papers on medical ethics. | This index at ARC includes papers on medical ethics. | ||
* [https://www.arclaw.org/papers Published papers authored by Executive Director Steven Svoboda and other ARC associates] | * [https://www.arclaw.org/papers Published papers authored by Executive Director Steven Svoboda and other ARC associates] | ||
Revision as of 01:08, 30 December 2020
Circumcision legal commentary has been published for about the last fifty years in several nations by different authors who have a variety of views concerning non-therapeutic involuntary circumcision of male children. The intent of this page is to collect such circumcision legal commentary in the English language as can be found online and link to it. Material will be arranged in approximate chronological order of publication.
Work in progress: The following information does not claim to be complete. More content will be added gradually.
Commentaries
1966
- T. L. Fisher (1966), an officer of the Canadian Medical Protective Association, discussed the legal dangers of using outmoded treatment. This is, of course, relevant to the outmoded practice of circumcision of male children.
Fisher TL. Outmoded Treatment. Can Med Assoc J. 17 September 1966; 95(12): 630. PMID. PMC. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
1968
- Morse (1968) discussed ritual circumcision in hospitals under the law of New York.
- Morse HW. Ritual Circumcision. JAMA. 1968; 203(12): 257-8. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
1971
- Roddey (1971) discussed legal issues that can arise from the performance of then very common infant non-therapeutic circumcision.
- Roddey AR. Law & Medicine: Circumcision. JAMA. 4 October 1971; 218(1): 149-50. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
1980
- Canadian medical ethicist Margaret Somerville (1980) published a commentary on the distinctions between therapeutic medical procedures and non-therapeutic medical procedures. Since the circumcision of male infants is a non-therapeutic procedure, her remarks are relevant here.
- Somerville M. Medical Interventions and the Criminal Law. McGill Law Journal. 1980; 26(82): 82-96. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
1981
- Margaret Somerville (1981) discusses the difference between therapeutic and non-therapeutic medical procedures.
- Somerville M. Therapeutic and non-therapeutic medical procedures--what are the distinctions?. Health law in Canada. 31 December 1980; 2(4): 85-90. PMID. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
1985
- American William E. Brigman (1985) used new medical evidence to argue that circumcision is child abuse, and discussed possible legal remedies. Recent medical articles have documented the actual injury of circumcision, to make it possible for an attorney to win damages for wrongful circumcision, he said. Brigman suggested civil rights class action suits against hospitals.
- Brigman WE. Circumcision as Child Abuse: The Legal and Constitutional Issues. J Fam Law. 1985; 23(3): 337. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
1986
- Sebastian Poulter (1986) argued that parents may authorise the non-therapeutic circumcision of a male minor under English law. Later British court decisions call his comments into question.
Poulter, Sebastian (1986): English Criminal Law and Ethnic Minority Customs. ISBN 00113259765. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
1989
- Bonner & Kinane (1989) discussed the legal and constitutional issues of non-therapeutic male circumcision under United States and California law.
- Bonner C, Kinane M. The Legal and Constitutional Issues. The Truth Seeker. July 1989; Retrieved 8 May 2020.
1992
- Lynn E. Lebit (1992) discusses issues with the substituted judgment doctrine.
- Lebit LE. Compelled Medical Procedures Involving Minors and Incompetents and Misapplication of the Substituted Judgment Doctrine. Journal of Law and Medicine. 1992; 7: 107. PMID. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
1993
- The Queensland Law Reform Commission (QLRC) (1993) considered possible reforms to the law of the state of Queensland, Australia, however no action has been taken after nearly 30 years.
Circumcision of Male Infants Research Paper, Queensland Law Reform Commission. (1993). Retrieved 8 May 2020.
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1994
- James G. Dwyer (1994) discussed the impact of parents' religion on children's welfare.
- Dwyer JG. Parents' Religion and Children's Welfare: Debunking the Doctrine of Parents' Rights. California L. Rev.. December 1994; 82(6): 1371. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
1995
- David J. Llewellyn (1995) discusses legal remedies when hospitals or doctors injure patients by circumcision.
- Llewellyn DJ. Legal remedies for penile torts. The Compleat Mother. 1995; 40(Winter): 16. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
1996
- Australian professor of law Neville Turner (1996) points out that circumcised boys may sue for damages.
- Turner JN. Circumcised boys may sue. Health Law Update. 23 February 1996; 1(4): 1-2. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
- David Richards (1996) argues that the best way to reduce the incidence of circumcision is to remove it from the medical benefits schedule.
- Richards D. Male Circumcision: Medical or Ritual?. J Law Medicine. May 1996; 3(4): 371-6. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
- Christopher Price, M.A. (Oxon) (1996) briefed the Law Commission of England and Wales on issues of male circumcision.
- Price, Christopher: Male Circumcision: A Legal Affront. (December 1996). Retrieved 8 May 2020.
1997
- Abbie J. Chessler (1997) provides a review of legal issues of male and female non-therapeutic circumcision.
- Chessler A. Justifying the Unjustifable: Rite v. Wrong. Buffalo L. Rev. 1997; 45: 555. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
1998
- Jacqueline Smith (1998), of the Netherlands Institute of Human Rights, has examined non-therapeutic circumcision of male children in the light of international human rights law.
- Smith, Jacqueline (1998): Male Circumcision and the Rights of the Child. Work: To Baehr in Our Minds: Essays in Human Rights from the Heart of the Netherlands. Mielle Bulterman, Aart Hendriks and Jacqueline Smith (Eds.) (ed.). Edition: SIM-21. Utrecht: Netherlands Institute of Human Rights. Pp. 465-98. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
- Povenmire (1998-9) discussed the lawfulness of consent for non-therapeutic circumcision of minor boys in the United States.
- Povenmire R. Do Parents Have the Legal Authority to Consent to the Surgical Amputation of Normal, Healthy Tissue From Their Infant Children?: The Practice of Circumcision in the United States.. Journal of Gender, Social Policy & the Law. 1998; 7: 87. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
1999
- The late British solicitor Christopher P Price (1999) elucidated the difference between therapeutic and non-therapeutic procedures and discussed the state of British law relating to non-therapeutic circumcision of male children.
_ 
Price, Christopher P (1999): Male Non-therapeutic circumcision: The Legal and Ethical Issues. Work: Male and Female Circumcision, Medical, Legal, and Ethical Considerations in Pediatric Practice. Denniston GC, Hodges FM and Milos MF eds. (ed.). New York: New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. Pp. 425-54. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
- Van Howe, Svoboda, Dywer, & Price (1999), a medico-legal team discuss the legal issues of non-therapeutic circumcision of boys.
- Van Howe RS, Svoboda JS, Dwyer JG, Price CP. Involuntary circumcision: the legal issues. BJU Int. January 1999; 83 Supplement 1: 63-73. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
2000
- Boyle et al. (2000) argue strongly, that in common law jurisdictions such as the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, and the United States, parents lack the capacity to consent to non-therapeutic circumcision, so it constitutes criminal assault, whenever it is performed.
- Boyle GJ, Svoboda JS, Price CP, Turner N. Circumcision of Healthy Boys: Criminal Assault?. J Law Med. 1 January 2000; 7: 301-310. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
- Dr. Arif Bhimji {2000) argues that non-therapeutic circumcision of boys in Canada violates the rights protected by the Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
- Bhimji A. Infant Male Circumcision: A violation of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Health Care Law (Toronto). January 2000; Retrieved 8 May 2020.
- Giannetti (2000) argues that scientific misconduct in the American Academy of Pediatrics circumcision policy statements should expose the AAP to trade association liability.
- Giannetti M. Circumcision and the American Academy of Pediatrics: Should Scientific Misconduct Result in Trade Association Liability. Iowa Law Rev. 2000; 85(4): 1507-68. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
- Svoboda, Van Howe & Dwyer (2000) discuss legal issues inherent with consent for non-therapeutic circumcision of boys.
- Svoboda JS, Van Howe RS, Dwyer JG. Informed Consent for Neonatal Circumcision: An Ethical and Legal Conundrum. J Contemporary Health Law Policy. September 2000; 17(1): 61-133. PMID. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
- Peter W. Edge (2000) discussed the impact of the Human Rights Act (1998) on the practice of non-therapeutic circumcision of male children in the United Kingdom.
- Edge PW. Male circumcision after the human rights act 1998. J Civil Liberties. 2000; 5: 320. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
2001
- J. Steven Svoboda (2001) discussed the limits of the law.
- Svoboda, J. Steven (2001): Limits of the law: Comparitive analysis of legal and extralegal methods.. Work: Understanding Circumcision: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach to a Multi-Dimensional Problem. George C. Denniston, Frederick M. Hodges, and Marilyn Fayre Milos (ed.). Springer. Pp. 297-365. ISBN 978-1-4419-3375-1.. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
2002
- Geoffrey P. Miller (2002) discussed the impact of American culture on the law of circumcision.
- Miller GP. Circumcision: Cultural-Legal Analysis. Virginia Journal of Social Policy & the Law.. March 2002; 9: 497-585. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
2005
- Suzanne Bouclin (2005) examined the legal status of non-therapeutic circumcision in Canada.
- Bouclin B. An examination of legal and ethical issues surrounding male circumcision: the Canadian context. Int J Mens Health. September 2005; 4(3): 205-22. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
- Fox & Thomson (2005) criticise the British Medical Association guidance to doctors.
- Fox M, Thomson M. A covenant with the status quo? Male circumcision and the new BMA guidance to doctors. J Med Ethics. 2005; 31(8): 463-9. PMID. PMC. DOI. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
2008
- Doctors Opposing Circumcision included this commentary on the law of circumcision of boys in their June 2008 Genital Integrity Statement. It has since been later amended by another party to include a reference to Adler (2013) that was not available at the time of writing.
- Hill, George (2008): Ch. 10: American Law and the Circumcision of Children. Work: Genital Integrity Policy. Seattle: Doctors Opposing Circumcision. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
- Professor Putzke (2008) points out that there is a criminal relevance of circumcising boys.
- Putzke, Holm: Criminal Relevance of Circumcising Boys, A Contribution to the Limitation of Consent in Cases of Care for the Person of the Child
. (2008). Retrieved 8 May 2020.
2011
- David Llewellyn (2011) discussed strategies for litigation.
Llewellyn, David (2011). Strategies for Litigation
, Springer. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
- Professor Peter W. Adler, J. D., (2011) argues that it is unlawful for United States Medicaid to pay for non-therapeutic circumcision.
- Adler PW. It is lawful to use Medicaid to pay for circumcision?. Journal of Law and Medicine. 2011; 19: 335-353. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
2012
- The Tasmanian Law Reform Institute (2012) has made recommendations for reforms of Tasmanian law relating to non-therapeutic circumcision of male minors.
- Marshall, Warwick: Non-Therapeutic Male Circumcision , Tasmanian Law Reform Institute (Hobart). (August 2012). Retrieved 9 May 2020.
2013
- Professor Peter W. Adler, J.D., (2013) argues that non-therapeutic circumcision of boys is unlawful.
- Adler PW. Is circumcision legal?. Richmond Journal of Law and the Public Interest. 2013; 16(3): 439-86. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
2016
- Professor Paul McLaughlin (2016) discusses conflicts between non-therapeutic child circumcision practice and the international law of human rights.
- McLaughlin Jr PJ. Legal and Medical Ethical Entanglements of Infant Male Circumcision and International Law. Journal of Medical Law and Ethics. April 2016; 4(1): 23-38. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
2017
- Earp, Hendry, and Thomson (2017) discuss the case of B & G (2015).
- Earp B, Hendry J, Thomson M. Reason and paradox in medical and family law: Shaping children's bodies. Medical Law Review. 2017; DOI. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
- Professors Marie Fox and Michael Thomson discussed Bodily Integrity, Embodiment and the Regulation of Parental Choice.
- Fox M, Thomson M. Bodily Integrity, Embodiment and the Regulation of Parental Choice. Journal of Law and Society. 2017; 44(4): 501-31. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
2020
- Professor Kai Möller discussed the legality of male and female circumcision in the light of the case of Re B and G (children) (No 2) [2015] EWFC 3.
- Möller K. Male and Female Genital Cutting: Between the Best Interest of the Child and Genital Mutilation. Oxford Journal of Legal Studies. 26 June 2020; DOI. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
- Adler, Van Howe, Wisdom & Daase (2020) examined male non-therapeutic circumcision as fraud.
- Adler PW, Van Howe RS, Wisdom T, Daase F. Is circumcision a fraud?. Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy. November 2020; 30(1): 45-107.
Briefs
The two briefs indexed here were filed by Doctors Opposing Circumcision with the Oregon Supreme Court in the case of Boldt v. Boldt, where they proved instrumental in changing the direction of that case. They have an excellent summary of American Constitutional law relevant to the non-therapeutic circumcision of male children.
- Geisheker, John V.: Brief of Amicus Curiae, Doctors Opposing Circumcision, in Support of the Petition for Review , Doctors Opposing Circumcision. (April 2007). Retrieved 10 May 2020.
- Geisheker, John: Brief on the Merits of Amicus Curiae, Doctors Opposing Circumcision , Doctors Opposing Circumcision. (July 2007). Retrieved 10 May 2020.</ref>
Video presentation
London barrister James Chegwidden discusses the gradual progress of the English courts toward recognition of genital autonomy for boys.
- James Chegwidden. Not drowning, paddling: the English Court’s slow row towards genital autonomy. Fourteenth International Symposium. Keele, England, Wednesday, 14 September 2016.
See also
External links
This index at ARC includes papers on medical ethics.
Doctors Opposing Circumcision also maintains a list of legal commentaries.
- (July 2016).
Legal
, Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.). Retrieved 9 May 2020.
For those who read the German language, Prof. Dr. Holm Putzke, LL. M., maintains a list of commentaries in German regarding religious (non-therapeutic) circumcision on his website:
- Putzke, Holm.
Religiöse Beschneidung
, holmputzke.de. Retrieved 10 May 2020.