Changes

The [[Prepex]] device works by clamping the [[foreskin ]] so that it is starved for blood, dies and falls off. In two cases observed during testing in Kenya the necrotic foreskin interfered with [[urination]]. This can occur only when medical personnel use the Prepex device to do a [[circumcision]] so it is appropriately classified as [[iatrogenic]]. The PrePex was withdrawn from the market in 2019.

==Circumcision has been promoted by the [[World Health Organization]] to does not prevent female to male [[HIV]] infection, however two large scale population studies have found circumcision to be totally ineffective at preventing HIV infection.==

ayan et al=== Population-based studies ==={{Population-based studies}} ===Two African surveys=== The previously reported studies were from developed Western nations. Now we have information from Sub_Saharan Africa. (2021) carried out a massive empirical study of  French scientist [[Michel Garenne]], Ph.D. has published two reports in 2022 comparing the male population incidence of the province of Ontario, [[CanadaHIV]] infection in [[circumcised]] and [[intact]] (569men. In his first report,950 males)Garenne presented the findings from a study in Lesotho, the enclave in South Africa. He reported:<blockquote>In couple studies, the effect of whom 203circumcision and VMMC on HIV was not significant,588 (35.7%) were circumcised between 1991 with similar transmission from female to male and 2017male to female. The study concluded that circumcision status is not related to risk questions the amount of HIV infectioneffort and money spent on VMMC in Lesotho.<ref name="mayan2021garenne2022A">{{REFjournal |last=MayanGarenne |first=MadhurMichel

|author-link=Michel Garenne |last2title=HamiltonChanging relationships between HIV prevalence and circumcision in Lesotho |first2url=Robert Jhttps://pubmed.ncbi. |init2=RJ |author2-link= |last3=Juurlink |first3=David Nnlm. |init3=DN |author3-link= |last4=Austin |first4=Peter Cnih.gov/35373731/ |init4date=PC |author42022-link= |last5=Jarvi |first5=Keith A. |init5=KA |author504-link=04 |etaljournal=noJ Biosoc Sci |titlevolume=Circumcision and Risk online ahead of HIV Among Males From Ontario, Canada |journal=J Urolprint |datepages=20211-09-2316 |urlDOI=https://www.auajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.10971017/JU.0000000000002234 |quote=We found that circumcision was not independently associated with the risk of acquiring HIV among men from Ontario, Canada.S0021932022000153 |pubmedID=34551593 |DOI=10.1097/JU.000000000000223435373731 |accessdate=2022-0111-1607}}</ref> </blockquote>

In his second report, Garenne (2022) presented information from six Sub-Saharan African nations (Eswatini, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe). He reported:<blockquote> "Results matched earlier observations made in South Africa that [[Morten Frischcircumcised]] & Jacob Simonsen (2021) carried out a large scale empirical population study in and [[Denmarkintact]] of 855,654 males regarding the alleged value of male circumcision in preventing HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in men. They found that circumcised men have a higher rate had similar levels of STI and HIV infection overall than intact men."<ref name="frisch2021garenne2022B">{{REFjournal |last=FrischGarenne |first=MortenMichael

|author-link=Morten Frisch |last2=Simonsen |first2=Jacob |init2=J |author2-link=

|title=NonAge-therapeutic male circumcision in infancy or childhood incidence and risk prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus HIV among intact and other sexually transmitted infectionscircumcised men: national cohort study an analysis of PHIA surveys in DenmarkSouthern Africa |trans-title= |language= |journal=Eur J EpidemiolBiosoc Sci |location= |date=20212022-0910-26 |season= |volume=Published online ahead of print |issue= |article= |page= |pages=1-13 |url=https://linkwww.springercambridge.comorg/core/journals/journal-of-biosocial-science/article/10.1007abs/s10654ageincidence-and-prevalence-of-hiv-among-intact-and-021circumcised-00809men-6an-analysis-of-phia-surveys-in-southern-africa/CAA7E7BD5A9844F41C6B7CC3573B9E50 |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=3456479636286328 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.10071017/s10654-021-00809-6S0021932022000414 |accessdate=2022-0111-1607}}</ref></blockquote>

 [[de:Urinfluss-Behinderung durch lange Vorhaut]]