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[[File:Leibowitz.jpg|right|thumb|Arleen A. Leibowitz, {{PhD}}]]
[[File:Leibowitz.jpg|right|thumb|Arleen A. Leibowitz, {{PhD}}]]
'''Arleen A. Leibowitz''', {{PhD}}, is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Public Policy in the UCLA School of Public Affairs and directs the Policy Core at the Center for [[HIV]] Identification, Prevention and Treatment Services (CHIPTS).<ref name="profile">{{REFweb
'''Arleen A. Leibowitz''', {{PhD}}, is an economist and Professor Emeritus in the Department of Public Policy in the {{UNI|UCLA|UCLA}} School of Public Affairs and directs the Policy Core at the Center for [[HIV]] Identification, Prevention and Treatment Services (CHIPTS).<ref name="profile">{{REFweb
  |url=http://publicaffairs.ucla.edu/arleen-leibowitz
  |url=http://publicaffairs.ucla.edu/arleen-leibowitz
  |title=Profile
  |title=Profile
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  |date=
  |date=
  |accessdate=2022-07-01
  |accessdate=2022-07-01
}}</ref> She co-authored a study which advocated that all state Medicaid plans should cover infant male circumcision.<ref name="editorial">{{REFweb
}}</ref> She co-authored a study which advocated that all state Medicaid plans should cover infant male [[circumcision]].<ref name="editorial">{{REFweb
  |quote=
  |quote=
  |url=http://archpedi.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1352168
  |url=http://archpedi.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1352168
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  |accessdate=2012-09-01
  |accessdate=2012-09-01
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
==Population-based studies==


September 2021 saw the publication of two huge population studies on the relationship of [[circumcision]] and HIV infection:
== Population-based studies ==
{{Population-based studies}}
==Two African surveys==
The previously reported studies were from developed Western nations. Now we have information from Sub_Saharan Africa.


# Mayan et al. (2021) carried out a massive empirical study of the male population of the province of Ontario, [[Canada]] (569,950 males), of whom 203,588 (35.7%) were [[circumcised]] between 1991 and 2017. The study concluded that circumcision status is not related to risk of HIV infection.<ref name="mayan2021">{{REFjournal
French scientist [[Michel Garenne]], Ph.D. has published two reports in 2022 comparing the incidence of HIV infection in [[circumcised]] and [[intact]] men.
  |last=Mayan
 
  |first=Madhur
In his first report, Garenne presented the findings from a study in Lesotho, the enclave in South Africa. He reported:
<blockquote>
In couple studies, the effect of circumcision and VMMC on HIV was not significant, with similar transmission from female to male and male to female. The study questions the amount of effort and money spent on VMMC in Lesotho.<ref name="garenne2022A">{{REFjournal
|last=Garenne
|first=Michel
|init=M
|author-link=Michel Garenne
|title=Changing relationships between HIV prevalence and circumcision in Lesotho
|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35373731/
|date=2022-04-04
|journal=J Biosoc Sci
|volume=online ahead of print
|pages=1-16
|DOI=10.1017/S0021932022000153
|pubmedID=35373731
|accessdate=2022-11-02
}}</ref>
</blockquote>
 
In his second report, Garenne (2022) presented information from six Sub-Saharan African nations (Eswatini, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe). He reported:
<blockquote>
"Results matched earlier observations made in South Africa that [[circumcised]] and [[intact]] men had similar levels of HIV infection."<ref name="garenne2022B">{{REFjournal
  |last=Garenne
  |first=Michael
  |init=M
  |init=M
  |author-link=
  |author-link=
|last2=Hamilton
|first2=Robert J.
|init2=RJ
|author2-link=
|last3=Juurlink
|first3=David N.
|init3=DN
|author3-link=
|last4=Austin
|first4=Peter C.
|init4=PC
|author4-link=
|last5=Jarvi
|first5=Keith A.
|init5=KA
|author5-link=
  |etal=no
  |etal=no
  |title=Circumcision and Risk of HIV Among Males From Ontario, Canada
  |title=Age-incidence and prevalence of HIV among intact and circumcised men: an analysis of PHIA surveys in Southern Africa
  |journal=J Urol
|trans-title=
  |date=2021-09-23
|language=
  |url=https://www.auajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1097/JU.0000000000002234
  |journal=J Biosoc Sci
  |quote=We found that circumcision was not independently associated with the risk of acquiring HIV among men from Ontario, Canada.
|location=
  |pubmedID=34551593
  |date=2022-10-26
  |DOI=10.1097/JU.0000000000002234
|season=
  |accessdate=2021-10-02
|volume=
}}</ref>
|issue=
# [[Morten Frisch]] & Jacob Simonsen (2021) carried out a large scale empirical population study in [[Denmark]] of 855,654 males regarding the alleged value of male circumcision in preventing HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in men. They found that [[circumcised]] men have a higher rate of STI and HIV infection overall than [[intact]] men.<ref name="frisch2021">{{FrischM SimonsenJ 2021}}</ref>
|article=
 
|page=
No association between lack of circumcision and risk of HIV infection was found by either study.
|pages=1-13
 
  |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-biosocial-science/article/abs/ageincidence-and-prevalence-of-hiv-among-intact-and-circumcised-men-an-analysis-of-phia-surveys-in-southern-africa/CAA7E7BD5A9844F41C6B7CC3573B9E50
|archived=
  |quote=
  |pubmedID=36286328
|pubmedCID=
  |DOI=10.1017/S0021932022000414
  |accessdate=2022-11-02
}}</ref></blockquote>  
{{SEEALSO}}
*[[Circumcision]]
*[[Israel]]
*[[Judaism]]
*[[United States of America]]
{{ABBR}}
{{ABBR}}
{{REF}}
{{REF}}
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[[Category:Promoter]]
[[Category:Promoter]]
[[Category:USA]]


[[Category:From CircLeaks]]
[[Category:From CircLeaks]]
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