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The [[Prepex]] device works by clamping the foreskin so that it is starved for blood, dies and falls off. In two cases observed during testing in Kenya the necrotic foreskin interfered with urination.
The [[Prepex]] device works by clamping the [[foreskin]] so that it is starved for blood, dies and falls off. In two cases observed during testing in Kenya the necrotic foreskin interfered with [[urination]]. This can occur only when medical personnel  use the Prepex device to do a [[circumcision]] so it is appropriately classified as [[iatrogenic]]. The PrePex was withdrawn from the market in 2019.  


Circumcision has been promoted by the corrupt [[World Health Organization]] to prevent female to male [[HIV]] infection, however two large scale population studies have found circumcision to be totally ineffective at preventing HIV infection:
==Circumcision does not prevent HIV infection==


# Mayan et al. (2021) carried out a massive empirical study of the male population of the province of Ontario, [[Canada]] (569,950 males), of whom 203,588 (35.7%) were circumcised between 1991 and 2017. The study concluded that circumcision status is not related to risk of HIV infection.<ref name="mayan2021">{{REFjournal
=== Population-based studies ===
  |last=Mayan
{{Population-based studies}}
  |first=Madhur
 
===Two African surveys===
 
The previously reported studies were from developed Western nations. Now we have information from Sub_Saharan Africa.
 
French scientist [[Michel Garenne]], Ph.D. has published two reports in 2022 comparing the incidence of [[HIV]] infection in [[circumcised]] and [[intact]] men.
 
In his first report, Garenne presented the findings from a study in Lesotho, the enclave in South Africa. He reported:
<blockquote>
In couple studies, the effect of circumcision and VMMC on HIV was not significant, with similar transmission from female to male and male to female. The study questions the amount of effort and money spent on VMMC in Lesotho.<ref name="garenne2022A">{{REFjournal
|last=Garenne
|first=Michel
|init=M
|author-link=Michel Garenne
|title=Changing relationships between HIV prevalence and circumcision in Lesotho
|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35373731/
|date=2022-04-04
|journal=J Biosoc Sci
|volume=online ahead of print
|pages=1-16
|DOI=10.1017/S0021932022000153
|pubmedID=35373731
|accessdate=2022-11-07
}}</ref>
</blockquote>
 
In his second report, Garenne (2022) presented information from six Sub-Saharan African nations (Eswatini, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe). He reported:
<blockquote>
"Results matched earlier observations made in South Africa that [[circumcised]] and [[intact]] men had similar levels of HIV infection."<ref name="garenne2022B">{{REFjournal
  |last=Garenne
  |first=Michael
  |init=M
  |init=M
  |author-link=
  |author-link=
|last2=Hamilton
|first2=Robert J.
|init2=RJ
|author2-link=
|last3=Juurlink
|first3=David N.
|init3=DN
|author3-link=
|last4=Austin
|first4=Peter C.
|init4=PC
|author4-link=
|last5=Jarvi
|first5=Keith A.
|init5=KA
|author5-link=
  |etal=no
  |etal=no
  |title=Circumcision and Risk of HIV Among Males From Ontario, Canada
  |title=Age-incidence and prevalence of HIV among intact and circumcised men: an analysis of PHIA surveys in Southern Africa
|journal=J Urol
  |trans-title=
  |date=2021-09-23
  |language=
|url=https://www.auajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1097/JU.0000000000002234
  |journal=J Biosoc Sci
  |quote=We found that circumcision was not independently associated with the risk of acquiring HIV among men from Ontario, Canada.
  |location=
  |pubmedID=34551593
  |date=2022-10-26
  |DOI=10.1097/JU.0000000000002234
  |season=
  |accessdate=2022-01-16
  |volume=
}}</ref>
  |issue=
# [[Morten Frisch]] & Jacob Simonsen (2021) carried out a large scale empirical population study in [[Denmark]] of 855,654 males regarding the alleged value of male circumcision in preventing HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in men. They found that circumcised men have a higher rate of STI and HIV infection overall than intact men.<ref name="frisch2021">{{REFjournal
  |article=
  |last=Frisch
  |page=
  |first=Morten
  |pages=1-13
  |init=M
  |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-biosocial-science/article/abs/ageincidence-and-prevalence-of-hiv-among-intact-and-circumcised-men-an-analysis-of-phia-surveys-in-southern-africa/CAA7E7BD5A9844F41C6B7CC3573B9E50
  |author-link=Morten Frisch
  |archived=
  |last2=Simonsen
  |quote=
  |first2=Jacob
  |pubmedID=36286328
  |init2=J
  |pubmedCID=
|author2-link=
  |DOI=10.1017/S0021932022000414
|etal=no
  |accessdate=2022-11-07
|title=Non-therapeutic male circumcision in infancy or childhood and risk of human immunodeficiency virus and other sexually transmitted infections: national cohort study in Denmark
}}</ref></blockquote>
  |journal=Eur J Epidemiol
{{SEEALSO}}
  |date=2021-09-26
* [[Longer foreskin is favored]]
  |volume=Published online ahead of print
  |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10654-021-00809-6
|pubmedID=34564796
  |DOI=10.1007/s10654-021-00809-6
  |accessdate=2022-01-16
}}</ref>
 
No association between circumcision status and risk of HIV infection was found.
 
{{REF}}
{{REF}}


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[[Category:Kenya]]
[[Category:Kenya]]
[[de:Urinfluss-Behinderung durch lange Vorhaut]]
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