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{{Construction Site}}
[[Image:Rakai_Site.jpg|right|thumb|Rakai Project Site]]
[[Image:Gray and Wawer.jpg|right|thumb|[[Ronald Gray]] & [[Maria Wawer]] (married) head the project.]]


[[Image:Rakai_Site.jpg|right|thumb|Rakai Project Site]]
The [[Rakai Health Sciences Program]] (RHSP) is a program that began in 1987 in Uganda, Africa, to investigate the then-mysterious [[HIV]].<ref name="rakai-history">{{REFweb
[[Image:Gray and Wawer.jpg|right|thumb|Ronald Gray & Maria Wawer (married) head the project.]]
|last=Rakai Project
|first=
|date=
|title=History of the Rakai Health Sciences Program
|url=http://www.jhsph.edu/rakai/about/index.html
|accessdate=2011-05-02
}}</ref> The RHSP is headed by husband and wife team [[Ronald Gray]] and [[Maria Wawer]] (the Senior Principal Investigators),<ref>{{REFweb
|last=Rakai Project
|first=
|date=
|title=Our People at Johns Hopkins University
|url=http://www.jhsph.edu/rakai/our_people/jhu.html
|accessdate=2011-05-02
}}</ref> who conduct biased research to look for justifications in rolling out mass circumcision programs around the world.<ref name="rakai-jhsph">{{REFweb
|last=JohnsHopkinsSPH
|first=
|date=2012-01-10
|title=Rakai Project
|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1mXFdXJaG8k
|accessdate=
}}</ref> The RHSP is funded by the [[Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School for Public Health]], the Uganda Virus Research Institute, the [[National Institutes of Health]], and the [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]].<ref>{{REFweb
|last=Rakai Project
|first=
|date=
|title=Rakai Health Sciences Program
|url=http://www.jhsph.edu/rakai/
|accessdate=2011-05-02
}}</ref><ref>{{REFnews
|last=Kong
|first=Xiangrong
|url=http://www.retroconference.org/2011/Abstracts/41239.htm
|title=18th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Boston, Massachusetts
|date=2011-02-28
|publisher=
|quote=Longer-term Effects of Male Circumcision on HIV Incidence and Risk Behaviors during Post-trial Surveillance in Rakai, Uganda
|accessdate=2011-05-02
|pages = 36
}} [http://circleaks.org/images/d/da/Acknowledgements.png Acknowledgements slide] [http://app2.capitalreach.com/esp1204/servlet/tc?c=10164&cn=retro&s=20445&&dp=player.jsp&e=13709&mediaType=podiumVideo Video of Presentation with Slides and Audio Download Link]</ref>


The [[Rakai Project|Rakai Health Sciences Program]] (RHSP) is a program that began in 1987 in Uguanda, Africa to investigate the then-mysterious HIV.<ref name="rakai-history"> {{cite web | url = http://www.jhsph.edu/rakai/about/index.html | title = History of the Rakai Health Sciences Program | accessdate = 2011-05-02}}</ref> The [[Rakai Project|RHSP]]  is headed by husband and wife team [[Ronald Gray]] and [[Maria Wawer]] (the Senior Principal Investigators),<ref> {{cite web | url = http://www.jhsph.edu/rakai/our_people/jhu.html | title = Our People at Johns Hopkins University | accessdate = 2011-05-02}}</ref> who conduct biased research to look for justifications in rolling out mass circumcision programs around the world.<ref name="rakai-jhsph"> {{cite web | url = http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1mXFdXJaG8k | title = Rakai Project | date = 12/1/10 | work = JohnsHopkinsSPH | publisher = Youtube}}</ref> The [[Rakai Project|RHSP]] is funded by the [[Johns Hopkins]] Bloomberg School for Public Health, the Uguanda Virus Research Institute, the [[National Institutes of Health]], and the [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]].<ref> {{cite web | url = http://www.jhsph.edu/rakai/ | title = Rakai Health Sciences Program | accessdate = 2011-05-02}}</ref><ref> {{citation | first = Xiangrong | last = Kong | contribution = Longer-term Effects of Male Circumcision on HIV Incidence and Risk Behaviors during Post-trial Surveillance in Rakai, Uganda | title = 18th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections | place = Boston, Massachusetts | pages = 36 | date = February 28, 2011| id = | contribution-url = http://www.retroconference.org/2011/Abstracts/41239.htm | accessdate = 2011-05-02}}  [http://circleaks.org/images/d/da/Acknowledgements.png Acknowledgements slide] [http://app2.capitalreach.com/esp1204/servlet/tc?c=10164&cn=retro&s=20445&&dp=player.jsp&e=13709&mediaType=podiumVideo Video of Presentation with Slides and Audio Download Link]</ref>
== History of the RHSP ==


==History of the Rakai Project==
The [[Rakai Project]] was created in 1987 by a group of scientists from {{UNI|Makerere University|Mak}} in Kampala, Uganda, who decided to investigate [[HIV]] infection in the Rakai district by initiating a small community cohort study. The original senior Principal Investigators of the [[Rakai Project]] were Nelson Sewankambo, David Serwadda, and [[Maria Wawer]].<ref name="rakai-history"/> The [[Rakai Project]] has since changed its name to the [[Rakai Health Services Program]], and has a current staff of just under 400 principal investigators, multidisciplinary professionals, and support staff.<ref name="rakai-history"/>
The [[Rakai Project]] was created in 1987 by a group of scientists from Makerere University in Kampala, Uganda who decided to investigate HIV infection in the Rakai district by initiating a small community cohort study. The original senior Principal Investigators of the [[Rakai Project]] were Nelson Sewankambo, David Serwadda, and [[Maria Wawer]].<ref name="rakai-history"/> The [[Rakai Project]] has since changed its name to the [[Rakai Project|Rakai Health Services Program]], and has a current staff of just under 400 principal investigators, multidisciplinary professionals, and support staff.<ref name="rakai-history"/>


==Promoting Circumcision as an HIV Prevention Method==
== Promoting circumcision as an HIV prevention method ==
The [[Rakai Project|RHSP]] promotes mass circumcision as a means to prevent the spread of HIV. A Youtube video uploaded by the [[Johns Hopkins|Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School for Public Health]] highlights the [[RHSP|RHSP's]] mass circumcision program.<ref name="rakai-jhsph"/>


The RHSP promotes mass circumcision as a means to prevent the spread of [[HIV]]. A Youtube video uploaded by the [[Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School for Public Health]] highlights the RHSP's mass circumcision program.<ref name="rakai-jhsph"/>


{{Quote box
{{Citation
  |title = <small>Rakai Project Doctor Promotes Circumcision</small>
  |Title=Rakai Project Doctor Promotes Circumcision
  |quote = It's been hard to change policy because it's a whole new paradigm. We've never used surgery to prevent an infectious disease. Policy makers had to take some time to really wrap their minds around it.
  |Text=It's been hard to change policy because it's a whole new paradigm. We've never used surgery to prevent an infectious disease. Policy makers had to take some time to really wrap their minds around it.
  |source = --Ronald Gray, [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1mXFdXJaG8k#t=07m29s JohnsHopkinsSPH. (2010). ''Rakai Project.'' YouTube.]
  |Author=[[Ronald Gray]]
|align = center
|Source=Rakai Project
|width = 50%
|ref=<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1mXFdXJaG8k#t=07m29s JohnsHopkinsSPH. (2010). ''Rakai Project.'' YouTube.]</ref>
|quoted = yes
}}
}}


=== Music Video ===
=== Music video ===
At the Rakai clinic, a propaganda music video promoting circumcision plays continuously in the waiting room.<ref>
At the Rakai clinic, a propaganda music video promoting circumcision plays continuously in the waiting room.<ref>{{REFweb
{{cite web
|last=JohnsHopkinsSPH
  | url = http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1mXFdXJaG8k#t=08m37s
|first=
  | title = Rakai Project
|date=2012-01-10
  | date = 12/1/10
|title=Rakai Project
  | work = JohnsHopkinsSPH
  |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1mXFdXJaG8k#t=08m37s
  | publisher = Youtube
|accessdate=
}}</ref><ref>{{REFweb
|last=smugamba
|first=
|date=2006-10-10
  |title=Rakai male circumcision video by Stephen Mugamba feat Jemima Sanyu.mpg
|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0rtEdNl322Q
  |accessdate=
}}</ref>
<br><br>
<youtube>0rtEdNl322Q</youtube>
<br>
{{Citation
|Title=Chorus Lyrics
|Text=Men should be circumcised
  |Author=
  |Source=
}}
}}
</ref><ref>
 
{{cite web
{{Citation
  | url = http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0rtEdNl322Q
  |Title=Bridge/Outro Lyrics (female singer)
  | title = Rakai male circumcision video by Stephen Mugamba feat Jemima Sanyu.mpg
  |Text=Circumcision has got many benefits. You'll become clean, clean, and cleaner... and when the men are circumcised, it reduces sexual infections in women. Circumcision is SO GOOD. Circumcision is SO SAFE. Men should be circumcised!
| date = 6/10/10
  |Author=
  | work = smugamba
  |Source=
  | publisher = Youtube
}}
}}
</ref>
==Circumcision does not prevent HIV infection==
 
=== Population-based studies ===
 
{{Population-based studies}}
{| border=0 align="center" style="width: 25%" cellpadding="0"
===Two African surveys===
| <center><youtube>0rtEdNl322Q</youtube></center>
The previously reported studies were from developed Western nations. Now we have information from Sub_Saharan Africa.


French scientist [[Michel Garenne]], Ph.D. has published two reports in 2022 comparing the incidence of HIV infection in [[circumcised]] and [[intact]] men.


{{Quote box
In his first report, Garenne presented the findings from a study in Lesotho, the enclave in South Africa. He reported:
  |title = <small>Chorus Lyrics</small>
<blockquote>
  |quote = Men should be circumcised
In couple studies, the effect of circumcision and VMMC on HIV was not significant, with similar transmission from female to male and male to female. The study questions the amount of effort and money spent on VMMC in Lesotho.<ref name="garenne2022A">{{REFjournal
  |source = <small></small>
|last=Garenne
  |align = center
|first=Michel
  |width = 90%
|init=M
  |quoted = yes
|author-link=Michel Garenne
}}
  |title=Changing relationships between HIV prevalence and circumcision in Lesotho
|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35373731/
  |date=2022-04-04
|journal=J Biosoc Sci
|volume=online ahead of print
  |pages=1-16
  |DOI=10.1017/S0021932022000153
  |pubmedID=35373731
  |accessdate=2022-11-05
}}</ref>
</blockquote>


{{Quote box
In his second report, Garenne (2022) presented information from six Sub-Saharan African nations (Eswatini, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe). He reported:
  |title = <small>Bridge/Outro Lyrics (female singer)</small>
<blockquote>
  |quote = Circumcision has got many benefits. You'll become clean, clean, and cleaner... and when the men are circumcised, it reduces sexual infections in women. Circumcision is SO GOOD. Circumcision is SO SAFE. Men should be circumcised!
"Results matched earlier observations made in South Africa that [[circumcised]] and [[intact]] men had similar levels of HIV infection."<ref name="garenne2022B">{{REFjournal
  |source = <small></small>
|last=Garenne
  |align = center
|first=Michael
  |width = 90%
|init=M
  |quoted = yes
  |author-link=
}}
|etal=no
|}
  |title=Age-incidence and prevalence of HIV among intact and circumcised men: an analysis of PHIA surveys in Southern Africa
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=J Biosoc Sci
|location=
|date=2022-10-26
|season=
|volume=
|issue=
|article=
|page=
|pages=1-13
|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-biosocial-science/article/abs/ageincidence-and-prevalence-of-hiv-among-intact-and-circumcised-men-an-analysis-of-phia-surveys-in-southern-africa/CAA7E7BD5A9844F41C6B7CC3573B9E50
|archived=
|quote=
  |pubmedID=36286328
  |pubmedCID=
  |DOI=10.1017/S0021932022000414
  |accessdate=2022-11-05
}}</ref></blockquote>
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Circumcision and HIV]]
* [[Foreskin]]
* [[Immunological and protective function of the foreskin]]
* [[Johns Hopkins University]]


==External Links==
{{LINKS}}
*[http://www.jhsph.edu/rakai/ Rakai Health Sciences Program] home page at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School for Public Health.
* [http://www.jhsph.edu/rakai/ Rakai Health Sciences Program] home page at the [[Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School for Public Health]].
*[http://www.jhu.edu/ Johns Hopkins University] home page at the John Hopkins University website.


==References==
{{REF}}
<div class='references-small'>
<references/>
</div>


[[Category:Programs]]
[[Category:Program]]
[[Category:Circumcision in Africa]]
[[Category:Circumcision in Africa]]
[[Category:CircLeaks]]


[[Category:Construction Site]]
[[Category:From CircLeaks]]
[[Category:From IntactWiki]]
[[Category:From IntactWiki]]
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