Difference between revisions of "Infection"

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Cleary & Kohl (1979) reported the case of a six-week old infant boy who was circumcised in his mother's physician's office. Infection with streptococcus developed. The boy was hospitalized, but even with the best of antibiotic and other treatment, [[death]] resulted.<ref name="cleary1979">{{REFjournal
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Woodside (1980) reported the case of an infant boy who was circumcised with the Plastibell device. He developed necrotizing fasciitis after his non-therapeutic circumcision. His treatment required extensive debridement of tissue. The boy apparently survived.<ref>{{REFjournal
 
Woodside (1980) reported the case of an infant boy who was circumcised with the Plastibell device. He developed necrotizing fasciitis after his non-therapeutic circumcision. His treatment required extensive debridement of tissue. The boy apparently survived.<ref>{{REFjournal

Revision as of 12:55, 13 January 2022

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Infection is invasion of the body by organisms (pathogens) that have the potential to cause disease. The pathogen may be bacterial, fungal, or viral.[1]

Circumcision infection

Circumcision is a surgical operation and amputation that creates an open surgical wound on the penis. The open wound does not heal immediately. For a period of time during and after the surgery it is subject to invasion by a wide variety of bacterial, viral, or fungal pathogens.[2]

Maternity hospitals gather together newborn infants into a hospital nursery where they are cared for, which increases the risk of passing infection from one to the others. If an infant is compromised by an open surgical wound, then that infant is more likely to become infected. Male infants in America, where non-therapeutic infant circumcision is popular, are more likely to be infected than female infants. Staphylococcus is a common infection and is worse when a methicillin resistant strain (MRSA) is involved. Thompson et al. (1966) reported a higher risk of staphylococcus infection in newborn circumcised males.[3] Nelson et al. (1976) reported a prolonged case of hospital nursery infection in which the pathogen was streptococcus.[4]

Infant non-therapeutic circumcisions do not cure disease and do not contribute to health. When infection occurs after a circumcision performed by a physician, then it may be considered to be iatrogenic as the infection would not have occurred if the circumcision had not been performed.

In cases of adult circumcision, erections may cause wound dehiscence (splitting open of the surgical wound) thereby increasing the risk of infection.[5]

Case reports

Rosenstein (1941) reported a case of diphtheria infection in the circumcision wound of a three-year-old child who died on the eighth day after surgery.[6]

Sauer (1943) reported a case of staphylococcus bronchopneumonia following infant circumcision in which death occurred on the 18th day of life.[7]

Kirkpatrick & Eitzman (1974) reported two cases of septicemia (infection in the blood) after non-therapeutic neonatal circumcision in which the patients almost died.[8]

Meningitis is a serious inflammation of the meninges, the thin, membranous covering of the brain and the spinal cord. Meningitis is most commonly caused by infection (by bacteria, viruses, or fungi).[9] Scurlock & Pemberton (1977) reported on four cases of meningitis which started with an infected circumcision wound that proceeded to septicemia and meningitis. One of the four patients died.[10]

Cleary & Kohl (1979) reported the case of a six-week old infant boy who was circumcised in his mother's physician's office. Infection with streptococcus developed. The boy was hospitalized, but even with the best of antibiotic and other treatment, death resulted.[11]

Woodside (1980) reported the case of an infant boy who was circumcised with the Plastibell device. He developed necrotizing fasciitis after his non-therapeutic circumcision. His treatment required extensive debridement of tissue. The boy apparently survived.[12]

Ritual circumcision

Professor L. Emmett Holt (1913) reported 41 cases of tuberculosis in ritually circumcised boys who had been infected by tubercular mohels, of whom 16 had died at the time of writing.[13]

More recently, cases of infection of baby boys with herpes simplex have been reported. One death and brain damage in another has occurred.[14]

Ritual circumcision is a cause of urinary tract infection (UTI).[15][16][17][18]

References

  1. ↑ REFweb (2012). Infection, The Free Dictionary. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  2. ↑ REFjournal Williams N, Kapilla, Leela. Complications of circumcision. Brit J Surg. October 1993; 80(10): 1231-6. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  3. ↑ REFjournal Thompson DJ, Gezon HM, Rogers KD, Yee RB, Hatch TF. Excess risk of staphylococcus infection and disease in newborn males.. Am J Epidemiol. September 1966; 84(2): 314-28. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
  4. ↑ REFjournal Nelson, JD, Dillon, Jr. HC, Howard, JB. A prolonged nursery epidemic associated with a newly recognized type of group A streptococcus. J Pediatr. November 1976; 89(5): 792-6. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  5. ↑ REFjournal Kaplan GW. Complications of circumcision. Urol Clin N Amer. 1983; 10(08): 543-9. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  6. ↑ REFjournal Rosenstein JL. Wound diphtheria in the newborn infant following circumcision: report of a case. J Pediatr. 1941; 18: 657-8. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
  7. ↑ REFjournal Sauer LW. Fatal staphylococcus bronchopneumonia following ritual circumcision. Am J Obstetr Gynecol. 1943; 46: 583. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  8. ↑ REFjournal Kirkpatrick BV, Eitzman DV. Neonatal septicemia after circumcision. Clin Pediatr. September 1974; 19(9): 767-8. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  9. ↑ REFweb (2008). Meningitis, The Free Dictionary. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  10. ↑ REFjournal Scurlock JM, Pemberton PJ. Neonatal meningitis and circumcision.. Med J Aust. 5 March 1977; 1(10): 332-4. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  11. ↑ REFjournal Cleary, Kohl. Overwhelming infection with group B beta-hemolytic streptococcus associated with circumcision. Pediatrics. September 1979; 64(3): 301-3. PMID. Retrieved 13 January 2022. Example
  12. ↑ REFjournal Woodside, Jeffrey R.. Necrotizing fasciitis after neonatal circumcision. Am J Dis Child. March 1980; 134(3): 301-2. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
  13. ↑ REFjournal Holt LE. Tuberculosis acquired through ritual circumcision. JAMA. 1913; LXI(2): 99-102. Retrieved January 2022.
  14. ↑ REFdocument Frieden, Thomas: An open letter to the Jewish Community from the New York City Health Commissioner PDF, City of New York. (13 December 2005). Retrieved 9 January 2022.
  15. ↑ REFjournal Smith RM. Recent contributions to the study of pyelitis in infancy. Am J Dis Child. 1916; XII: 235.243.
  16. ↑ REFjournal Cohen H, et al. Postcircumcision Urinary Tract Infection. Clinical Pediatrics. 1992; : 322-324.
  17. ↑ REFjournal Goldman M, Barr J, Bistritzer T, Aladjem M. Urinary tract infection following ritual jewish circumcision. Israel Journal of Medical Sciences. 1996; 32(11): 1098-1102.
  18. ↑ REFjournal Prais D, Shoov-Furman R, Amir J. Is circumcision a risk factor for neonatal urinary tract infections?. Arch Dis Child. 6 October 2008; DOI.
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