Phimosis: Difference between revisions
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From a medical standpoint, an otherwise symptom-free [[phimosis]], even after dissolution of preputial adhesions, does not require any treatment before the child enters puberty. The widespread notion that full retractability has to be achieved by a certain age, derives from obsolete assumptions and studies which only covered children's development until they entered school, but not beyond that point. | From a medical standpoint, an otherwise symptom-free [[phimosis]], even after dissolution of preputial adhesions, does not require any treatment before the child enters puberty. The widespread notion that full retractability has to be achieved by a certain age, derives from obsolete assumptions and studies which only covered children's development until they entered school, but not beyond that point. | ||
Even though the data from Jakob Øster's studies have been known for 51 years,<ref name="Øster1968">{{ | Even though the data from [[Jakob Øster]]'s studies have been known for 51 years,<ref name="Øster1968">{{Template:Jakob_Øster_1968}}</ref> some check lists for school doctors‘ examinations still erroneously refer to physiological phimosis as an abnormality. | ||
}}</ref> some check lists for school doctors‘ examinations still erroneously refer to physiological phimosis as an abnormality. | |||
In most cases, only watchful waiting is necessary, not surgery or other treatment. Parental reassurance is the only treatment required.<ref name="shahid2012" /> | In most cases, only watchful waiting is necessary, not surgery or other treatment. Parental reassurance is the only treatment required.<ref name="shahid2012" /> | ||
By age 10.4 years, about 50 percent of intact boys have a retractable foreskin.<ref name="Øster1968" /> | By age 10.4 years, about 50 percent of intact boys have a retractable foreskin.<ref name="Øster1968"/><ref name-"thorvaldsen2005">{{REFjournal | ||
|last=Thorvaldsen | |last=Thorvaldsen | ||
|first=M.A. | |first=M.A. | ||
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|DOI= | |DOI= | ||
|accessdate=2019-11-01 | |accessdate=2019-11-01 | ||
}}</ref> Most of the rest develop a retractable foreskin in their teenage years.<ref name="Øster1968" /> About two percent of adult males live with a non-retractable foreskin.<ref name="shahid2012" /> | }}</ref> Most of the rest develop a retractable foreskin in their teenage years.<ref name="Øster1968"/> About two percent of adult males live with a non-retractable foreskin.<ref name="shahid2012" /> | ||
If treatment is deemed necessary, the application of topical steroid ointment is the most cost-effective treatment.<ref name="vanhowe1998">{{REFjournal | If treatment is deemed necessary, the application of topical steroid ointment is the most cost-effective treatment.<ref name="vanhowe1998">{{REFjournal | ||