Difference between revisions of "Andrew Freedman"

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| [[Image:Andrew Freedman.png|175px|alt=Andrew Freedman]]
 
| [[Image:Andrew Freedman.png|175px|alt=Andrew Freedman]]
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| align="center" | [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}]]
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|- style="background: #DCDCDC"
 
|- style="background: #DCDCDC"
 
| align="center" | '''Member of:'''
 
| align="center" | '''Member of:'''
 
|-
 
|-
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| align="center" | [[AAP_Circumcision_Task_Force_2012|AAP Circumcision Task Force 2012]]
+
| align="center" | [[AAP Circumcision Task Force 2012]]
 
|- style="background: #DCDCDC"
 
|- style="background: #DCDCDC"
 
| align="center" | '''Associates with:'''
 
| align="center" | '''Associates with:'''
 
|-
 
|-
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| align="center" | [[American_Academy_of_Pediatrics|American Academy of Pediatrics]]
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| align="center" | [[American Academy of Pediatrics]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
  
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'''Andrew Freedman''' is a urologist at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles.<ref>{{REFnews
+
'''Andrew Freedman''' is a urologist at the [https://www.cedars-sinai.org/locations/cedars-sinai-main-campus-89.html Cedars-Sinai Medical Center] in Los Angeles.<ref>{{REFnews
−
  | last=Merwin
+
  |last=Merwin
−
  | first=Ted
+
  |first=Ted
−
| coauthors=
+
  |url=http://www.thejewishweek.com/features/new-york-minute/fleshing-out-change-circumcision
−
  | url=http://www.thejewishweek.com/features/new-york-minute/fleshing-out-change-circumcision
+
  |title=Fleshing Out Change On Circumcision
−
  | title=Fleshing Out Change On Circumcision
+
  |date=2012-09-19
−
  | date=2012-09-19
+
  |publisher=The Jewish Week
−
  | publisher=The Jewish Week
+
  |quote=...The Jewish Week spoke to Dr. Andrew Freedman, a urologist at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles.
−
  | quote=...The Jewish Week spoke to Dr. Andrew Freedman, a urologist at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles.
+
  |accessdate=2012-09-23
−
  | accessdate=2012-09-23
+
}}</ref> He was one of the members of the "circumcision task force" at the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] (AAP) which released a new policy statement on [[circumcision]] in 2012, which alleged that "the benefits outweigh the risks".<ref>{{REFnews
−
}}</ref> He was one of the members of the "circumcision task force" at the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] (AAP) which released a new policy statement on circumcision, which alleges that "the benefits outweigh the risks".<ref>{{REFnews
+
  |last=Merwin
−
  | last=Merwin
+
  |first=Ted
−
  | first=Ted
+
  |url=http://www.thejewishweek.com/features/new-york-minute/fleshing-out-change-circumcision
−
| coauthors=
+
  |title=Fleshing Out Change On Circumcision
−
  | url=http://www.thejewishweek.com/features/new-york-minute/fleshing-out-change-circumcision
+
  |date=2012-09-19
−
  | title=Fleshing Out Change On Circumcision
+
  |publisher=The Jewish Week
−
  | date=2012-09-19
+
  |quote=Freedman was one of the members of the task force that issued the new, qualified endorsement of circumcision.
−
  | publisher=The Jewish Week
+
  |accessdate=2012-09-23
−
  | quote=Freedman was one of the members of the task force that issued the new, qualified endorsement of circumcision.
 
−
  | accessdate=2012-09-23
 
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
  
 
==Religious Conflict of Interest==
 
==Religious Conflict of Interest==
  
−
Freedman is Jewish ([[Bias|Why is this important?]]), and has a son whom he circumcised himself on his parents' kitchen table on his 8th day of life.<ref>{{REFnews
+
Freedman is Jewish ([[Bias|Why is this important?]]), and has a son whom he [[circumcised]] himself on his parents' kitchen table on his 8th day of life.<ref>{{REFnews
−
  | last=Merwin
+
  |last=Merwin
−
  | first=Ted
+
  |first=Ted
−
| coauthors=
+
  |url=http://www.thejewishweek.com/features/new-york-minute/fleshing-out-change-circumcision
−
  | url=http://www.thejewishweek.com/features/new-york-minute/fleshing-out-change-circumcision
+
  |title=Fleshing Out Change On Circumcision
−
  | title=Fleshing Out Change On Circumcision
+
  |date=2012-09-19
−
  | date=2012-09-19
+
  |publisher=The Jewish Week
−
  | publisher=The Jewish Week
+
  |quote=I circumcised him myself on my parents’ kitchen table on the eighth day of his life. But I did it for religious, not medical reasons.
−
  | quote=I circumcised him myself on my parents’ kitchen table on the eighth day of his life. But I did it for religious, not medical reasons.
+
  |accessdate=2012-09-23
−
  | accessdate=2012-09-23
+
}}</ref> According to Freedman, the [[AAP]] did not incorporate recommendations on [[Metzitzah b'peh]] (Jewish tradition of oral suction of the wound of a [[circumcised]] baby's penis), because the AAP task force on [[circumcision]] reasoned that there are too few done, and practitioners of the tradition will continue whether the AAP recommended against it or not.<ref>{{REFnews
−
}}</ref>According to Freedman, the AAP did not incorporate recommendations on Metzitzah B'peh (Jewish tradition of oral suction of the wound of a circumcised baby's penis), because the AAP taskforce on circumcision reasoned that there are too few done, and practitioners of the tradition will continue whether the AAP recommended against it or not.<ref>{{REFnews
+
  |last=Merwin
−
  | last=Merwin
+
  |first=Ted
−
  | first=Ted
+
  |url=http://www.thejewishweek.com/features/new-york-minute/fleshing-out-change-circumcision
−
| coauthors=
+
  |title=Fleshing Out Change On Circumcision
−
  | url=http://www.thejewishweek.com/features/new-york-minute/fleshing-out-change-circumcision
+
  |date=2012-09-19
−
  | title=Fleshing Out Change On Circumcision
+
  |publisher=The Jewish Week
−
  | date=2012-09-19
+
  |quote=...in the end decided not to, since there are so few that are done that way in this country, and they will continue to be done that way whether or not we recommend against it.
−
  | publisher=The Jewish Week
+
  |accessdate=2012-09-23
−
  | quote=...in the end decided not to, since there are so few that are done that way in this country, and they will continue to be done that way whether or not we recommend against it.
+
}}</ref> Freedman occasionally works with a [[mohel]] who practices [[metzitzah b'peh]] using a tube in order to prevent genital contact.<ref>{{REFnews
−
  | accessdate=2012-09-23
+
  |last=Merwin
−
}}</ref> Freedman occasionally works with a mohel who practices metzitzah b'peh using a tube in order to prevent genital contact.<ref>{{REFnews
+
  |first=Ted
−
  | last=Merwin
+
  |url=http://www.thejewishweek.com/features/new-york-minute/fleshing-out-change-circumcision
−
  | first=Ted
+
  |title=Fleshing Out Change On Circumcision
−
| coauthors=
+
  |date=2012-09-19
−
  | url=http://www.thejewishweek.com/features/new-york-minute/fleshing-out-change-circumcision
+
  |publisher=The Jewish Week
−
  | title=Fleshing Out Change On Circumcision
+
  |quote=I do work occasionally with an Orthodox mohel who uses a tube so that there is no oral-genital contact.
−
  | date=2012-09-19
+
  |accessdate=2012-09-23
−
  | publisher=The Jewish Week
 
−
  | quote=I do work occasionally with an Orthodox mohel who uses a tube so that there is no oral-genital contact.
 
−
  | accessdate=2012-09-23
 
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
  
 
==Quotes==
 
==Quotes==
 
{{Citation
 
{{Citation
−
| Title=Freedman Circumcises His Own Son
+
|Title=Freedman Circumcises His Own Son
−
| Text=I circumcised him myself on my parents’ kitchen table on the eighth day of his life. But I did it for religious, not medical reasons. I did it because I had 3,000 years of ancestors looking over my shoulder.
+
|Text=I circumcised him myself on my parents’ kitchen table on the eighth day of his life. But I did it for religious, not medical reasons. I did it because I had 3,000 years of ancestors looking over my shoulder.
−
| Author=
+
|Author=
−
| Source=The Jewish Week
+
|Source=The Jewish Week
−
| lang=
+
|ref=<ref name="TJW">{{REFweb
−
| before=
+
|url=http://www.thejewishweek.com/features/new-york-minute/fleshing-out-change-circumcision
−
| after=
+
|title=The Jewish Week, Fleshing Out Change in Circumcision by Ted Merwin
−
| Transcription=
+
|publisher=The Jewish Week
−
| Translation=
+
|date=2012-09-19
−
| ref=<ref>[http://www.thejewishweek.com/features/new-york-minute/fleshing-out-change-circumcision The Jewish Week, Fleshing Out Change in Circumcision by Ted Merwin] 09/19/12</ref>
+
|accessdate=2019-11-24
 +
}}</ref>
 
}}
 
}}
  
 
{{Citation
 
{{Citation
−
| Title=No Medical Reasons
+
|Title=No Medical Reasons
−
| Text=I didn't make any excuses that this was to avoid a UTI, or for medical reasons. My rationale was this: As a Jewish male in a long line of tradition, I didn't want to be the link in a chain that broke.
+
|Text=I didn't make any excuses that this was to avoid a [[UTI]], or for medical reasons. My rationale was this: As a Jewish male in a long line of tradition, I didn't want to be the link in a chain that broke.
−
| Author=
+
|Author=
−
| Source=L.A. Times
+
|Source=L.A. Times
−
| lang=
+
|ref=<ref>[http://articles.latimes.com/2008/mar/31/health/he-circumcision31/3 L.A. Times, Delicate Decision by Marnell Jameson] 03/31/2008</ref>
−
| before=
 
−
| after=
 
−
| Transcription=
 
−
| Translation=
 
−
| ref=<ref>[http://articles.latimes.com/2008/mar/31/health/he-circumcision31/3 L.A. Times, Delicate Decision by Marnell Jameson] 03/31/2008</ref>
 
 
}}
 
}}
  
 
{{Citation
 
{{Citation
−
| Title=His Patients
+
|Title=His Patients
−
| Text=As a practicing pediatric urologist, 20% of the patients I will see today are here because of something related to their circumcision.
+
|Text=As a practicing pediatric urologist, 20% of the patients I will see today are here because of something related to their circumcision.
−
| Author=
+
|Author=
−
| Source=American Medical News
+
|Source=American Medical News
−
| lang=
+
|ref=<ref name="AMN">{{REFweb
−
| before=
+
|url=http://www.ama-assn.org/amednews/2012/09/03/hlsa0903.htm
−
| after=
+
|publisher=American Medical News
−
| Transcription=
+
|title=Will male circumcision guidance reverse trends in the procedure?
−
| Translation=
+
|first=Christine S.
−
| ref=<ref>[http://www.ama-assn.org/amednews/2012/09/03/hlsa0903.htm American Medical News, Will male circumcision guidance reverse trends in the procedure? By Christine S. Moyer] 09/03/2012</ref>
+
|last=Moyer
 +
|date=2012-03-09
 +
}}</ref>
 
}}
 
}}
  
 
{{Citation
 
{{Citation
−
| Title=Benefits and Risks
+
|Title=Benefits and Risks
−
| Text=The procedure has some modest benefits and some modest risks. Families shouldn’t “feel like they’re harming their child no matter what they decide to do.”
+
|Text=The procedure has some modest benefits and some modest risks. Families shouldn’t “feel like they’re harming their child no matter what they decide to do.”
−
| Author=
+
|Author=
−
| Source=American Medical News
+
|Source=American Medical News
−
| lang=
+
|ref=<ref name="AMN"/>
−
| before=
 
−
| after=
 
−
| Transcription=
 
−
| Translation=
 
−
| ref=<ref>[http://www.ama-assn.org/amednews/2012/09/03/hlsa0903.htm American Medical News, Will male circumcision guidance reverse trends in the procedure? By Christine S. Moyer] 09/03/2012</ref>
 
 
}}
 
}}
  
 
{{Citation
 
{{Citation
−
| Title=Procedure is not essential
+
|Title=Procedure is not essential
−
| Text=There’s no single right or wrong answer. Your child’s going to be fine one way or the other.
+
|Text=There’s no single right or wrong answer. Your child’s going to be fine one way or the other.
−
| Author=
+
|Author=
−
| Source=FoxNews
+
|Source=FoxNews
−
| lang=
+
|ref=<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/health/2012/12/31/circumcision-on-decline-what-parents-need-to-know-about-procedure/ Circumcision on the decline? What parents need to know about the procedure By Julie Revelant] 01/02/2013</ref>
−
| before=
 
−
| after=
 
−
| Transcription=
 
−
| Translation=
 
−
| ref=<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/health/2012/12/31/circumcision-on-decline-what-parents-need-to-know-about-procedure/ Circumcision on the decline? What parents need to know about the procedure By Julie Revelant] 01/02/2013</ref>
 
 
}}
 
}}
  
 
{{Citation
 
{{Citation
−
| Title=When the benefits aren’t enough to justify it
+
|Title=When the benefits aren’t enough to justify it  
−
| Text=Circumcision cuts across cultural, religious, medical and aesthetic lines. We don’t see ourselves as partisan in the battle over circumcision. It might be better to be a vegetarian, or to double-knot your shoelaces, but it’s not for us to tell people what’s in the best interest of their children. The benefits aren’t enough to justify it if it doesn’t fit with the values of a particular family.
+
|Text=Circumcision cuts across cultural, religious, medical and aesthetic lines. We don’t see ourselves as partisan in the battle over circumcision. It might be better to be a vegetarian, or to double-knot your shoelaces, but it’s not for us to tell people what’s in the best interest of their children. The benefits aren’t enough to justify it if it doesn’t fit with the values of a particular family.
−
| Author=
+
|Author=
−
| Source=The Jewish Week
+
|Source=The Jewish Week
−
| lang=
+
|ref=<ref name="TJW"/>
−
| before=
 
−
| after=
 
−
| Transcription=
 
−
| Translation=
 
−
| ref=<ref>[http://www.thejewishweek.com/features/new-york-minute/fleshing-out-change-circumcision The Jewish Week, Fleshing Out Change in Circumcision by Ted Merwin] 09/19/12</ref>
 
 
}}
 
}}
  
 
{{Citation
 
{{Citation
−
| Title=Attitude towards [[Intactivists]]
+
|Title=Attitude towards [[Intactivists]]
−
| Text=I can’t really say [Why is there such negative sentiment against circumcision]. However, I can tell you that I’ve received thousands of e-mails over the years from parents telling me that circumcision is a terrible thing to do to a child, because of what they see as an overriding ethical principle of maintaining bodily integrity until the age of consent. This is where there’s such a big divide between America and Europe; it’s much more accepted here, whereas in Europe there is no tradition, outside of the two religious minorities [Jews and Muslims], of circumcision.
+
|Text=I can’t really say [Why is there such negative sentiment against circumcision]. However, I can tell you that I’ve received thousands of e-mails over the years from parents telling me that circumcision is a terrible thing to do to a child, because of what they see as an overriding ethical principle of maintaining bodily integrity until the age of consent. This is where there’s such a big divide between America and Europe; it’s much more accepted here, whereas in Europe there is no tradition, outside of the two religious minorities [Jews and Muslims], of circumcision.
−
| Author=
+
|Author=
−
| Source=The Jewish Week
+
|Source=The Jewish Week
−
| lang=
+
|ref=<ref name="TJW"/>
−
| before=
+
}}
−
| after=
+
 
−
| Transcription=
+
== Video ==
−
| Translation=
+
Freedman participated in the Australian TV debate show "Insight: The First Cut". His statements pro [[circumcision]] may be viewed at 16:22 on the video.
−
| ref=<ref>[http://www.thejewishweek.com/features/new-york-minute/fleshing-out-change-circumcision The Jewish Week, Fleshing Out Change in Circumcision by Ted Merwin] 09/19/12</ref>
+
* {{REFweb
 +
|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kmYq_jVMpeI
 +
|title=Insight, The First Cut - Transcript
 +
|website=SBS One
 +
|date=2016-10-29
 +
|accessdate=2021-11-08
 +
}}
 +
 
 +
==Termination of AAP circumcision policy==
 +
 
 +
THE 2012 Circumcision Policy Statement produced by the task force on which Andrew Freeman served has had severe and unrelenting criticism from many sources and for many reasons.
 +
 
 +
The AAP has a long-standing policy that its published policies and statements expire after five years unless re-affirmed. The AAP has ''not'' re-affirmed the statements below so they expired on 31 August 2017. The AAP now has ''no'' official position on non-therapeutic circumcision of boys.
 +
 
 +
* {{REFjournal
 +
|last=Blank
 +
|first=Susan
 +
|init=S
 +
|author-link=Susan Blank
 +
|last2=Brady
 +
|first2=Michael
 +
|init2=M
 +
|author2-link=
 +
|last3=Buerk
 +
|first3=Ellen
 +
|init3=E
 +
|author3-link=
 +
|last4=Carlo
 +
|first4=Waldemar
 +
|init4=W
 +
|author4-link=
 +
|last5=Diekema
 +
|first5=Douglas
 +
|init5=D
 +
|author5-link=Douglas Diekema
 +
|last6=Freedman
 +
|first6=Andrew
 +
|init6=A
 +
|author6-link=Andrew Freedman
 +
|last7=Maxwell
 +
|first7=Lynne
 +
|init7=L
 +
|author7-link=
 +
|last8=Wegner
 +
|first8=Steven
 +
|init8=S
 +
|author8-link=
 +
|etal=no
 +
|title=Circumcision Policy Statement
 +
|journal=Pediatrics
 +
|date=2012-09-01
 +
|volume=130
 +
|issue=3
 +
|pages=585-6
 +
|url=https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/130/3/585
 +
|pubmedID=22926180
 +
|pubmedCID=
 +
|DOI=10.1542/peds.2012-1989
 +
|accessdate=2020-08-02
 +
}}
 +
* {{REFjournal
 +
|last=Task Force on Circumcision
 +
|first=
 +
|author-link=
 +
|etal=no
 +
|title=Male Circumcision
 +
|journal=Pediatrics
 +
|date=2012-09-01
 +
|volume=130
 +
|issue=3
 +
|pages=e756-85
 +
|url=https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/130/3/e756
 +
|pubmedID=22926175
 +
|pubmedCID=
 +
|DOI=10.1542/peds.2012-1990
 +
|accessdate=2020-08-02
 
}}
 
}}
 +
{{SEEALSO}}
  
 +
* [[Bias]]
 +
* [[Circumcised doctors]]
 +
* [[Judaism]]
 
{{REF}}
 
{{REF}}
  
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Freedman, Andrew}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Freedman, Andrew}}
  
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[[Category:People]]
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[[Category:Person]]
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[[Category:Urologists]]
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[[Category:Male]]
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[[Category:Physician]]
 
[[Category:American Academy of Pediatrics]]
 
[[Category:American Academy of Pediatrics]]
 
[[Category:Jewish]]
 
[[Category:Jewish]]
 +
[[Category:Urologist]]
 +
[[Category:Promoter]]
 +
 +
[[Category:Promoter]]
 +
 +
[[Category:USA]]
  
 
[[Category:From CircLeaks]]
 
[[Category:From CircLeaks]]
 
[[Category:From IntactWiki]]
 
[[Category:From IntactWiki]]
 +
 +
[[de:{{FULLPAGENAME}}]]

Revision as of 00:08, 31 October 2022

Andrew Freedman
Andrew Freedman
Member of:
AAP Circumcision Task Force 2012
Associates with:
American Academy of Pediatrics

Andrew Freedman is a urologist at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles.[1] He was one of the members of the "circumcision task force" at the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) which released a new policy statement on circumcision in 2012, which alleged that "the benefits outweigh the risks".[2]

Religious Conflict of Interest

Freedman is Jewish (Why is this important?), and has a son whom he circumcised himself on his parents' kitchen table on his 8th day of life.[3] According to Freedman, the AAP did not incorporate recommendations on Metzitzah b'peh (Jewish tradition of oral suction of the wound of a circumcised baby's penis), because the AAP task force on circumcision reasoned that there are too few done, and practitioners of the tradition will continue whether the AAP recommended against it or not.[4] Freedman occasionally works with a mohel who practices metzitzah b'peh using a tube in order to prevent genital contact.[5]

Quotes

“ Freedman Circumcises His Own Son
I circumcised him myself on my parents’ kitchen table on the eighth day of his life. But I did it for religious, not medical reasons. I did it because I had 3,000 years of ancestors looking over my shoulder. (The Jewish Week)[6]
“ No Medical Reasons
I didn't make any excuses that this was to avoid a UTI, or for medical reasons. My rationale was this: As a Jewish male in a long line of tradition, I didn't want to be the link in a chain that broke. (L.A. Times)[7]
“ His Patients
As a practicing pediatric urologist, 20% of the patients I will see today are here because of something related to their circumcision. (American Medical News)[8]
“ Benefits and Risks
The procedure has some modest benefits and some modest risks. Families shouldn’t “feel like they’re harming their child no matter what they decide to do.” (American Medical News)[8]
“ Procedure is not essential
There’s no single right or wrong answer. Your child’s going to be fine one way or the other. (FoxNews)[9]
“ When the benefits aren’t enough to justify it
Circumcision cuts across cultural, religious, medical and aesthetic lines. We don’t see ourselves as partisan in the battle over circumcision. It might be better to be a vegetarian, or to double-knot your shoelaces, but it’s not for us to tell people what’s in the best interest of their children. The benefits aren’t enough to justify it if it doesn’t fit with the values of a particular family. (The Jewish Week)[6]
“ Attitude towards Intactivists
I can’t really say [Why is there such negative sentiment against circumcision]. However, I can tell you that I’ve received thousands of e-mails over the years from parents telling me that circumcision is a terrible thing to do to a child, because of what they see as an overriding ethical principle of maintaining bodily integrity until the age of consent. This is where there’s such a big divide between America and Europe; it’s much more accepted here, whereas in Europe there is no tradition, outside of the two religious minorities [Jews and Muslims], of circumcision. (The Jewish Week)[6]

Video

Freedman participated in the Australian TV debate show "Insight: The First Cut". His statements pro circumcision may be viewed at 16:22 on the video.

Termination of AAP circumcision policy

THE 2012 Circumcision Policy Statement produced by the task force on which Andrew Freeman served has had severe and unrelenting criticism from many sources and for many reasons.

The AAP has a long-standing policy that its published policies and statements expire after five years unless re-affirmed. The AAP has not re-affirmed the statements below so they expired on 31 August 2017. The AAP now has no official position on non-therapeutic circumcision of boys.

See also

References

  1. ↑ REFnews Merwin, Ted (19 September 2012)."Fleshing Out Change On Circumcision", The Jewish Week. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
    Quote: ...The Jewish Week spoke to Dr. Andrew Freedman, a urologist at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles.
  2. ↑ REFnews Merwin, Ted (19 September 2012)."Fleshing Out Change On Circumcision", The Jewish Week. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
    Quote: Freedman was one of the members of the task force that issued the new, qualified endorsement of circumcision.
  3. ↑ REFnews Merwin, Ted (19 September 2012)."Fleshing Out Change On Circumcision", The Jewish Week. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
    Quote: I circumcised him myself on my parents’ kitchen table on the eighth day of his life. But I did it for religious, not medical reasons.
  4. ↑ REFnews Merwin, Ted (19 September 2012)."Fleshing Out Change On Circumcision", The Jewish Week. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
    Quote: ...in the end decided not to, since there are so few that are done that way in this country, and they will continue to be done that way whether or not we recommend against it.
  5. ↑ REFnews Merwin, Ted (19 September 2012)."Fleshing Out Change On Circumcision", The Jewish Week. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
    Quote: I do work occasionally with an Orthodox mohel who uses a tube so that there is no oral-genital contact.
  6. ↑ a b c REFweb (19 September 2012). The Jewish Week, Fleshing Out Change in Circumcision by Ted Merwin, The Jewish Week. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
  7. ↑ L.A. Times, Delicate Decision by Marnell Jameson 03/31/2008
  8. ↑ a b REFweb Moyer, Christine S. (9 March 2012). Will male circumcision guidance reverse trends in the procedure?, American Medical News.
  9. ↑ Circumcision on the decline? What parents need to know about the procedure By Julie Revelant 01/02/2013
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